- ventilation - respiration

- air in and out - exchange of O2 and CO2

Velocity of blood flow is _________ to the CSA of the vessel - 2x length, ___ - 2x radius, ___ - 2x viscosity, ___

- inversely proportional - flow decreases by 50% - flow increases 16 fold - flow decreases 50%

Cardiovascular Exercise Responses (including prep lectures Flashcards by Rachel Stueve

diastole

T-wave to QRS

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systole

*there is overlap bc atria fill while chambers contract

QRS to T wave

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End- diastolic volume

amount of blood in ventricles just prior to contraction

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End-systolic volume

amount of blood left in ventricles just after contraction

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isovolumeric vs. isovolumetric contraction

isovolumeric is the contraction while inlet and outlet valves are still closed, isovolumetric is the heart contraction that pushes blood out through the valves

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ejection phase-

while inlet valves are closed and outlet valves are open

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isovolumeric relaxation

all valves closed, pressure falls rapidly. When pressure of ventricles

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parasympathetic control of the heart

vagus nerve controls SA node from rest to moderate activity. parasympathetic nerves are in atria and surround nodes

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sympathetic control of the heart

chain ganglia have nerves all over the heart anatomy

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VO2max equation

VO2max= Q (HR*SV) * aVO2 difference

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components of SV

Preload
Afterload
Contractility
HR

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SV equation

- how does it change graphically with work

end diastolic volume- End systolic volume

- increases curvilinearly until it reaches max at 50% aerobic capacity and my increase slightly from there

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Why does resting HR increase with age

likely due to decreased parasympathetic control

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ventilation

- respiration

air in and out

- exchange of O2 and CO2

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Ventilation equation

VE=TV*f in liters/min

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during mild-moderate exercise, VE is increased by _____. During vigorous exercise, _____

-increased tidal volume, increased breathing rate

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Tidal volume & RR increases until, ____% of peak exercise, then ____

-70-80%, RR^

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What is AT/LT/VT

lactate threshold; where blood becomes acidic and harder to clear. How well you clear it determines endurance. This is also the ventilatory break point

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venous constriction (or really just decreased compliance results in what things?

increased pressure in peripheral veins without change in resistance
increased venous return
increased bloof flow to heart
increased preload (thus Frank starling mechanism)

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Velocity of blood flow is _________ to the CSA of the vessel

2x length, ___
2x radius, ___
2x viscosity, ___

inversely proportional
flow decreases by 50%
flow increases 16 fold
flow decreases 50%

sheer stress

blood flows through vessels causing friction on the endothelial wall. Healthy individuals will release NO in response. Sclerotic vessels will experience more sheer stress (tension)

vascular tone

extrinsic factors
intrinsic factors

health of the vessel, degree of constriction

neural (+) and hormonal (+)
metabolites (-), local hormones (+/-), myogenic (+), endothelial factors (+/-)

Active hyperemia

increase in blood flow to meet the metabolic demand of activity

Reactive hyperemia

blood flow is transiently increased following a brief period of total ischemia

What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?

~72 bpm

Why do athletes have a lower HR?

- higher SV (left ventricle thicker), thus Q | - PSM control increases

Anaerobic threshold - rise in ___ disproportionate to ___ - indicates body can't solely supply energy via ____ any more - above AT, cant ________ - can _____ - decreased ___

- CO2, O2 - aerobic metabolism - sustain prolonged workload - increase with training - pH

Respiratory Exchange Ratio - equation - ___ with exercise - ____ indicates max effort - ___ indicates anaerobic metabolism is present

- RER=VCO2/VO2 - increases - >1.09 - >1.00

The higher your VO2max, ____________________

the lower your VO2 will be at a given submaximal workload

Q - what is it? - equation - rest - exercise - change with workload

- amount of blood pumped from the heart per unit time - Q= HR*SV - rest ~5L/min - exercise ~20 L/min - increases linearly up to 50% due to HR and SV. After 50%, primarily due to HR

Skeletal muscle receives __% of Q distribution at rest and __% with exercise

25, 85

Maximal Q __ with conditioning. _____ at any fixed submaximal work rate

increases, remains about unchanged

SV - normal max - change with work rate

- 100-200ml/beat | - increases curvilinearly until reaching near max at 50% aerobic capacity

Ejection Fraction - what is it? - equation - average

- proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat - EF=SV/EDV - ~60% in healthy adults

Can't really increase max HR, but ______

can still increase VO2 (via increase in SV)

Karvonen Formula

[training range % (max HR-resting HR)]+resting HR *will calculate twice to get high and low numbers of range

HR should drop _____ bpm within first minute of stopping activity

12-18

Minute Ventilation

-VE; how much air you take in or expire per minute. Analogous to Q

Fick's Law of Diffusion

amount of gas that moves across a sheet of tissue is proportional to the area of the sheet but inversely proportional to its thickness

dyspnea

SOA during exercise that is most often caused by inability to readjust blood PCO2 and H+ due to poor conditioning of respiratory muscles

To best clear lactate, recovery should be ____

active

A-VO2 at rest vs. exercise

5 mL/O2/100mL/dl 15

What happens to blood volume with endurance training/. | -hematocrit?

increases. Plasma volume increases a lot so hematocrit should be low

Why don't vessels supplying active muscle contract w/ sympathetic activation during exercise?

endothelial lining releases NO to inhibit SNS and vasodilate

Size of friction in sheer stress due to ______

rate of sliding and fluid viscosity

BP - equation - changes with exercise

- BP= Q * TPR - systolic increases linearly with intensity - diastolic may decrease slightly or remain unchanged * max BP doesn't change

Nervous system control of Arterial BP (short and long term)

short term- CV system (pulm and cardiac stretch receptors) | long term- kidneys

Aging

all values pretty much decrease, except peripheral vascular resistance increases, and SUBMAX HR and BP increase