Cardiovascular: Human Plumbing - Arteries & Veins Flashcards
(43 cards)
3 layers of an artery?
Differences between the artery layers depending on vessel size?
Branches vs tributaries?
Arteries have branches
Veins have tributaries
Describe the starling forces accross a capillary bed?
On arterial side osmotic pressure > oncotic pressure therefore fluid move out
On venous side osmotic pressure < oncotic pressure therefor fluid moves in
Describe what the following arterial pathologies mean?
- aneurysm
- stenosis
- occluded
- dissection
- vasospasm
- vasculitis
- broken
Definition of an aneurysm?
1.5x normal diameter
Most common form of aneurysm?
Other forms of aneurysm?
Degenerative aneurysms are the most common
- Inflammatory, mycotic (infective), traumatic can also occur
What does this CT angiogram show?
Aortic aneurysm
Describe the open surgery approach to aneurysm repair?
A large incision is made and a graft is placed to replace the area where the aneurysm was
Describe the endovascular approach to aneurysm repair?
A small incision is made and a catheter inserted into the artery. From here a graft is placed within the vessel rather than replacing it
Two options for repair of an aneurysm?
- Open surgery
- Endovascular repair
Most common cause of stenosis?
Atherosclerosis
What is atherosclerosis?
Thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery
Stenosis symptoms
Claudication:
- Pain on walking a fixed distance
- Worse uphill
- Eases rapidly when you stop
- Can think of as ANGINA of the leg
- As it gets can present as nocturnal pain / rest pain
Treatment of stenosis
- Stop smoking
- Movement
- Asperin to prevent thrombosis
- Statins to prevent plaque build up
What are the six Ps of acute occlussion?
- Pain (sudden onset)
- Palor
- Perishingly cold
- Parasthesia
- Pulselessness
- Paralysis
7 Symptoms of chronic occlusion?
- Short distance claudication
- Nocturnal pain
- Pain at rest
- Numbness
- Tissue necrosis
- Gangrene
- Things falling off
Treatment for tight stenosis or occlusion?
Can put in a stent however it doesn’t last long. Only do if it’s easy and can done under local aneasthetic.
If bad amputation only option. Prognosis is really bad 2.25years survival. This is because to get to point of amputation CVD is going to be bad all over body so survival already not good. And amputation will only make you more immobile and CVD worse.
Aterial dissection what is it and treatment
A split in the inner walls allows blood to get inbetween the layers causeing it to swell and sometimes occlude.
Sometimes it will heal itself. If not a stent is required
What is vasospasm?
WHat are its triggers?
This is overactive vasoconstriction particularly at the capillary level
Triggers are cold and stress
Cause of vasculitis depending on vessel size
- Large vessel – Takayasu’s disease – “the pulseless disease”
- Medium vessel – Giant Cell Arteritis / Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- Small vessel – lots of polyangiitis conditions usually involving the
kidneys
Just need to remember:
- Large - takayasu’s - pulseless
- Medium - rheumatica
- Small - kidneys
Treatment of vasculitis
Steroids and immunosupressants
Causes of brocken arteries
- Trauma
- Self inflicted
- Laterogenic - caused by a clinition making a mistake
How is an broken artery repaired?
When cut it will retract like a string under tension.
A tube is usually needed to divert blood flow while repair is odne.
