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Vet Path > Cardiovascular Path (1-4) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Path (1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this is due to weak contractibility/chamber emptying or impaired filling

A

pump failure

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2
Q

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this is due to valvular stenosis, vascular narrowing, systemic or pulmonary hypertension

A

obstruction to forward blood flow

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3
Q

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this is due to valvular incompetance

A

regurgitent blood flow

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4
Q

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this is mostly a result of congenital defects (septal, vascular)

A

regurgitant blood flow

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5
Q

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this can ocur at the level of the heart or a major vessel

A

rupture

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6
Q

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

these lead to arrhythmia and pump failure

A

cardiac conduction disorders

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7
Q

name the category of heart disease

due to functional derangement of the heart itself

A

primary

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8
Q

name the category of heart disease

due to extra-cardiac derangement (system or specific organ)

A

secondary

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9
Q

this is due to increased volume of blood entering the heart during diastole - ‘volume overload’

A

increased preload

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10
Q

this is due to increased resistance against which the heart must pump blood during systole - ‘pressure overload’

A

increased afterload

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11
Q

name 5 mechanisms of the CV system to cope with derangement/increased demand

A
  1. cardiac dilation
  2. cardiac hypertrophy
  3. increased cardiac rate/output
  4. blood redistribution to vital organs
  5. increase in blood volume
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12
Q

name the 2 distinctive patterns of cardiac ventricular hypertrophy

A

concentric and eccentric

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13
Q

name the type of cardiac ventricular hypertrophy

result of increased afterload;
increase in ventricular mass but no change in end diastolic volume

A

concentric hypertrophy

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14
Q

name the type of ventricular hypertrophy

result of increased preload;
increase in ventricular mass AND wall stretches so ventricular chamber dilates

A

eccentric hypertrophy

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15
Q

what does malfunction of the LEFT side of the heart lead to

A

pulmonary congestion/oedema

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16
Q

what does malfunction of the RIGHT side of the heart lead to

A

systemic venous congestion

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17
Q

name the type of congenital cardiac defect

pre-existing parental genome defect passed to sperm and/or ova

A

inherited

(genetic)

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18
Q

name the type of congenital cardiac defect

genomic defect arising in the fertilized zygote

A

acquired

(genetic)

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19
Q

name 4 examples of acquired cardiac congenital defects

(not genetic)

A
  1. infections
  2. physical (hypoxia, etc)
  3. nutritional (deficiencies)
  4. chemica, toxicants
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20
Q

name the 4 broad types of congenital cardiac defects

A
  1. septal defects
  2. abnormalities of great vessels
  3. abnormalities of valve formation
  4. persistence of embryonic structures
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21
Q

name the septal defect

most commonly the result of a persistent foramen ovale - small defect sometimes found incidentally in slaughtered adult cattle

A

atrial defect

(between the atria)

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22
Q

name the 2 main condequences of atrial septal defect (ASD)

A
  1. Shunt LA to RA (RA dilation, increased RV preload)
  2. increased pulmonary overperfusion
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23
Q

name the septal defect

most common congenital cardiac defect in the cat - majority are situated high up the septum (below the aoritc valve, behind the main left AV valve cusp & below the R septal AV cusp)

A

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

(failure of inter-ventricular septum to join with endocardial cushions)

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24
Q

name the 2 main consequences of ventricular septal defects (VSD)

A
  1. shunt LV to RV (increased RV preload)
  2. pulmonary overperfusion
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25
Q

this is the most common scenario of transposition defects of the roots of the great vessels where the aorta is misplaced to lie over the R ventricle

A

dextro-rotation

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26
Q

name 2 consequences of L aortic stenosis

A
  1. increased LV afterload (LV concentric hypertrophy)
  2. aortic poststenotic dilation
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27
Q

name 2 consequences of R pulmonic stenosis

A
  1. increased RV afterload (RV concentric hypertrophy)
  2. PA poststenotic dilation
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28
Q

name the 4 congenital defects/abnormal features that occur together to form the Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  1. ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  2. pulmonic stenosis
  3. RV hypertrophy
  4. Dextro-rotated aorta
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29
Q

name 2 consequences of patent ductus arteriosis (PDA)

A
  1. shunt aorta to pulmonary artery (increased RV afterload and RV concentric hypertrophy)
  2. pulmonary overperfusion
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30
Q

name the syndrome

this is when non-oxygenated blood flows from the pulmonary artery into the aorta in PDA and results in systemic hypoxia (‘shunt reversal’ due to resistance in pulmonary circulation exceeding that of systemic circulation)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

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31
Q

of the 6 pairs of branchial arches present in the early embryo, which one normally persists as the aortic arch

A

left fourth arch (L4)

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32
Q

what is the basic anomaly of persistent branchial arches and the resulting consequence?

A

constriction of the oesophagus, megaoesophagus (with regurgitation of undigested food)

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33
Q

name the persistent branchial arch

most common manifestation; vascular ring forms between the ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum (L6) & this persistent arch

A

R aortic arch (R4)

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34
Q

name the 2 main morphological presentations of atrioventricular valvular dysplasia

A
  1. web-like valve formations with no clear leaflets
  2. short cordae tendinae with small papillary muscle masses
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35
Q

name the congenital cardiac condition

narrowing of the ascending aorta

(rare in bovine only)

A

coarctation of the aorta

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36
Q

name the congenital cardiac condition

heart is normal but is situated abnormally in the body
-highest incidence in cattle & pigs: heart is situated pre-sternally in lower cervical region or in abdomen

A

Ectopia cordis

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37
Q

name the congenital cardiac condition

L ventricular endocardium is diffusely thickened with fibro-elastic tissue, R side may or may not be affected
-affected animal found dead at 2-3 months old with no previous clinical signs

A

Endocardial fibro-elastosis

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38
Q

name the congenital cardiac condition

absence or incompleteness of the pericardial sac

A

congenital anomalies of pericardium

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39
Q

this is a thin, fibrous and inelastic sac with an internal serous membrane lined by flattened mesothelial cells that encloses the heart and roots of the great vessels

A

pericardium

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40
Q

name the non-inflammatory fluid accumulation

this is true serous transudate, usually the result of congestive heart failure

A

hydropericardium

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41
Q

name the non-inflammatory fluid accumulation

accumulation of whole blood in the pericardium; usually associated with rupture of large vessels or dilated atria due to AV valve regurgitation

A

hemopericardium

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42
Q

name the non-inflammatory fluid accumulation

relatively common in dogs; presents as slowly developing R sided heart failure followed by left side

A

idiopathic pericardial hemorrhagic effusion

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43
Q

name the pathogenesis of pericarditis

secondary to septicemia (cattle, pigs)

A

hematogenous spread

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44
Q

name the pathogenesis of pericarditis

foreign bodies from oesophagus or reticulum (cattle - hardware disease); or fractured rib (dogs, cattle, horses)

A

traumatic penetration of pericardium

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45
Q

name the 2 types of inflammatory exudation common with pericarditis

A
  1. fibrinous (increased vascular permeability)
  2. suppurative (pyogenic bacteria)
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46
Q

name the 4 possible outcomes/sequalae of chronic pericarditis cases

A
  1. resolution
  2. adhesion
  3. constriction/atrophy
  4. myocarditis
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47
Q

name the outcome of chronic pericarditis being described

without further functional/morphological consequences

A

resolution

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48
Q

name the outcome of chronic pericarditis being described

fibrin from the exudate forms adhesions between the epicardium and pericardium which may become fibrous

A

adhesion

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49
Q

name the outcome of chronic pericarditis being described

if condition is insidious, gradual tamponade and cardiac atrophy may occur

A

constriction/atrophy

50
Q

name the outcome of chronic pericarditis being described

usually associated with traumatic reticulopericarditis in cattle; extension of pericarditis into myocardium

A

myocarditis

51
Q

this constitutes the bulk of tissue in the heart

A

myocardium

52
Q

name the myocardial pathology

an increase in size of cells which may result from a physiological response (increased exercise) or a pathological one (valvular stenosis, systemic hypertension of renal disease, etc)

(functional overload)

A

myocardial hypertrophy

53
Q

name the myocardial pathology

may occur where the disease process is too rapid to allow cardiac compensation; may herald the onset of failure in a previously compensating heart

(functional overload)

A

dilation

54
Q

name the myocardial pathology

replacement of muscle bundles by adipocytes with no degeneration (congenital in sheep, calves, pigs)

(metabolic disturbance)

A

fatty infiltration

55
Q

name the myocardial pathology

the first manifestation of cell injury consisting of intracellular accumulation of fluid;
injury causes energy production to decrease and membrane pumps to fail due to lack of ATP

(metabolic disturbance)

A

hydropic degeneration

56
Q

name the myocardial pathology

fat accumulates within cardiomyocytes due to inability to metabolise normally;
may also result from myocardial hypoxia or toxicity

(metabolic disturbance)

A

fatty change/degeneration

57
Q

name the myocardial pathology

necrosis

(metabolic disturbance)

A

hyaline degeneration

58
Q

name the myocardial pathology

dietary excess of vitamin D, plants with vitamin D analogs, or calcium therapy in puppies, cattle and reptiles

(metabolic disturbance)

A

calcification

59
Q

name the myocardial pathology

occurs in reptiles and birds since uric acid is the nitrogen metabolism’s end product in these species;
uric acid will precipitate in tissues as ‘utrate tophi’ (crystals) under certain circumstances

(metabolic disturbance)

A

visceral gout

60
Q

name the myocardial pathology

relatively uncommon in domestic species; when it occurs, it is usually the result of embolism of coronary vessel

A

myocardial infarction

61
Q

name the myocardial pathology

inflammation of the myocardium; rarely an isolated primary condition and usually follows generalized infection by bacteral, viral or protozoal agents

A

myocarditis

62
Q

what are the 3 classifications of myocarditis

A
  1. acute (suppurative)
  2. acute (non-suppurative)
  3. chronic
63
Q

name the classification of myocarditis

result of septic emboli being released from non-cardiac suppurative foci and lodging in heart vasculature

A

acute (suppurative)

64
Q

name the classification of myocarditis

results from septicemia or viremia (ex: pasteurellosis, leptospirosis, Foot & Mouth disease, etc)

A

acute (non-suppurative)

65
Q

name the classification of myocarditis

there is cardiomyocyte loss, with replacement by fibrous tissue;
may get granulomas in cattle and sheep

A

chronic

66
Q

name the myocardial parasite

usually hae thin connective tissue layer around capsule with few eosinophils and lymphocytes present; non-viable cysts tend to calcify

A

Cysticercosis

67
Q

name the myocardial parasite

protozoal organisms in cattle and sheep (also pigs, horses and dogs); can only be seen histologically as elongated cysts containing many zoites (Rainey’s corpuscles)

A

Sarcocysts

68
Q

name the myocardial parasite

may cause cysts or foci of inflammation in myocardium in generalized infections in dogs and cats;
in sheep: more common to get CNS involvement than heart

A

Toxoplasmosis (gondii)

69
Q

name the myocardial parasite

causes severe myocarditis as well as myositis and encephalitis in dogs (as well as general muscle signs and arrhythmias);
also causes abortion in cattle

A

Neosporosis (caninum)

70
Q

name the myocardial parasite

causative agent of ‘Chagas’ disease’ in th USA; causes pyogranulomatous myocarditis and myositis

A

Trypanosomiasis (cruzi)

71
Q

name the cardiomyopathy

result of lack of vitamin E and/or Selenium;
results in multifocal necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle

(nutritional)

A

‘White muscle disease’

72
Q

name the cardiomyopathy

occurs in 3-4 month old thriving piglets; considered to result from lack of selenium/vitamin E;
presents as multifocal necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle with myocardial hemorrhages

(nutritional)

A

‘Mulberry Heart’ disease

(pigs)

73
Q

name the cardiomyopathy

genetic disease due to a point mutation in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor;
triggered by stress and halothane anaesthesia;
results in necrosis of cardiac and skeletal muscles (back, loin, thigh, shoulder) - pale, soft, and exudative (PSE)

(congential)

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

(pigs)

74
Q

name the cardiomyopathy

more common in older cats; associated with enlargement of thyroid(s) with accompanying hyperfunction of these;
cats are hyperactive/aggressive, hypertensive, tachycardic, and thin (despite voracious appetite);
Left ventricular hypertrophy

(endocrine)

A

Feline hyperthyroidism

(cats)

75
Q

name the cardiomyopathy

cases strongly associated with taurine-deficiency in cats;
cardiomegaly, bi-ventricular dilation, pale and flabby hearts

(idiopathic)

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

76
Q

name the cardiomyopathy

common in cats, rare in dogs;
myocardial fibres are hypertrophied and haphazardly arranged (myofiber disarray) accompanied by interstitial fibrosis and arteriosclerosis;
marked cardiomegaly (from L ventricular concentric hypertrophy) with concurrent thickening of interventricular septum ;
thrombus formation in L atrium is common

(idiopathic)

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

77
Q

name the cardiomyopathy

marked myocardial fibrosis or endomyocardial fibrosis of L ventriculr endocardium;
leads to loss of compliance and inability to fill adequately during diastole;
marked L atrial dilation with L ventricle of normal dimensions

(idiopathic)

A

Restrictive Cardiomypathy

78
Q

name the cardiomyopathy

primarily a familial disease of Boxer dogs, rare in cats;
R ventricular myocardium is replaced by fat and fibrous tissue

(idiopathic)

A

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

79
Q

name the cardiomyopathy

green-grey color of muscle resulting from myodegeneration and eosinophilic inflammation;
seen in sheep and cattle

(idiopathic)

A

Eosinophilic myositis

80
Q

this lines the cardiac chambers and is a component of the valve cusps

A

endocardium

81
Q

this is a narrowing of the valve orifice, which occurs more frequently in semilunar valves

A

valvular stenosis

82
Q

name 2 main consequences of L-sided semilunar valve stenosis

A
  1. L ventricular concentric hypertrophy
  2. pulmonary congestion/oedema
83
Q

name 2 main consequences of R-sided semilunar valve stenosis

A
  1. R ventricular concentric hypertrophy
  2. caval venous congestion
84
Q

this is inadequacy of the valve to maintain an efficient seal against backflow of blood with consequent backward regurgitation during systole

A

valvular incompetence

85
Q

name 3 main consequences of L-sided atrioventricular valvular incompetence

A
  1. L ventricular eccentric hypertrophy
  2. peripheral hypoperfusion
  3. pulmonary congestion
86
Q

name 2 main consequences of R-sided atrioventricular valvular incompetence

A
  1. R ventricular eccentric hypertrophy
  2. caval venous congestion
87
Q

name 5 factors involved in the occurence of endocarditis

A
  1. valvular trauma due to blood turbulence
  2. valve tissue ageing
  3. avascularity of valves
  4. valve exposure to blood pathogens
  5. factors due to the pathogens
88
Q

what species is endocarditis most common in

A

cattle, pigs, sheep

89
Q

which valves are more frequently affected in endocarditis

A

atrioventricular

90
Q

which side of the heart is most commonly affected in endocarditis (with exception of cattle)

A

left side

(right in cattle)

91
Q

name the two common sequelae of endocarditis in cattle (R-side lesion)

A
  1. pulmonary embolism
  2. abscessation
92
Q

name the two common sequelae of endocarditis with left-side lesions (pig, dog, horse)

A
  1. myocardial and peripheral infarction
  2. infection (especially kidneys)
93
Q

name the type of valvular endocardiosis

changes seen in L AV valve (mitral valve) most commonly;
lesions on main cusps can be graded from smooth, white discrete nodules to coalescent nodules, to plaque-like thickenings with cuspal distortion and chordal distorsion and/or rupture;
valve cusps have marked accumulation of mucopolysaccharide;
valvular changes cause valve cusp distortion with consequent incompetence and leakage of blood into corresponding atrium during systole

(degenerative vavle disease)

A

canine myxomatous valvular degeneration

94
Q

name the type of valvular endocardiosis

changes observed are those of sparse chronic inflammation with fibrous scarring;
most significant lesions affect main mitral and aortic valve cusps;
1. sparse cellular infiltrations in superficial outflow layer of cusp
2. variable villous or papillary eruptions of the outflow endothelium
3. irregular whorls or meshes of collagen fibers in deeper layers

(degenerative valve disease)

A

equine chronic valvulopathy

95
Q

name the endocardial condition

isolated foci of necrosis on the L atrial endocardium just above the L AV valve ring in old dogs with uremia

A

necrotising endocarditis

96
Q

name the endocardial condition

deposits of calcium and fibrous tissue which may spread into the myocardium; affects L atrium and ventricles in calves

A

endocardial calcification

97
Q

name the endocardial condition

incidental - in the AV valve cusps at their attachments to chordae or valve ring (lambs, calves, and horses)

A

hematocysts and lymph cysts

98
Q

name the endocardial condition

incidental - melanin deposition on heart valves and mural endocardium of Scottish Blackface sheep and black breeds of cattle

A

Melanosis

99
Q

name the endocardial condition

fibrous thickenings of the endocardium adjacent to an incompetent valve (caused by back flow during systole);
lesions may also occur in aorta/pulmonary artery as result of high pressure blood passing through a narrowed stenotic semilunar valve and striking the vessel endothelium

A

jet lesions

100
Q

name the type of cardiac neoplasms

arise in the R atrium/auricle and may involve the base of the R ventricle;
usually only presents clinically when hemopericardium > tamponade occurs;
can metastasize to liver, spleen, skin, lungs and brain

(primary)

A

hemangiosarcoma

101
Q

name the type of cardiac neoplasm

arise in the chemoreceptor cells in the aortic and pumonary bodies (‘chemodectoma’);
may metastasize and local enlargment results in mechanical displacement on adjacent tissues and pericardial effusion;
brachycephalic dogs are predisposed

(primary)

A

Heart-base tumors

102
Q

this term is used to describe heart disease which is a consequence of pulmonary disease;
usually features R heart enlargement following raised pulmonary resistance/hypertension

A

Cor pulmonae

103
Q

name 5 causes of Cor pulmonae

A
  1. primary chronic lung disease
  2. pulmonary thromboembolism
  3. mechanical obstruction of pulmonary arteries
  4. impairment to respiratory movements
  5. high altitude/mountain disease
104
Q

name the artery disease being described

seen as an increase in the tunica media (smooth muscle) and intima of arterioles, and is the response to raised arterial blood pressure or volume

A

arterial hypertrophy

105
Q

name the artery disease being described

term encompasses a group of vascular diseases of unknown etiology characterized by **fibrous thickening ** with degeneration of the arterial walls

A

arteriosclerosis

106
Q

name the artery disease being described

characterized by accumulation of cholesterol in the vascular wall;
rare in domestic animals

A

atherosclerosis

107
Q

name the artery disease being described

amyloid deposits may be found in renal vessels and glomeruli, splenic white pulp arterioles, the space of Disse in liver sinusoids, coronary and meningeal arteries; can be stained with Congo red;
affected organs are pale and firm with waxy texture

A

amyloidosis

108
Q

name the artery disease being described

occurs following inflammation, thrombosis or necrotic degenerative lesions (Strongylus vulgaris larval lesions in horses)

A

Dystrophic calcification

109
Q

name the artery disease being described

widespread medial calcification; large arteries show plaque-like lesions but small arterioles may be completely encircled;
degeneration and calcification of elastic fibers in tunica media

A

metastatic calcification

110
Q

name the artery disease being described

associated with endothelial damage and entry and accumulation of serum proteins, which polymerize along the vessel wall;
seen in diseases with vascular degeneration or with inflammation

A

fibrinoid necrosis

111
Q

name the artery disease being described

this term describes inflammation in arterial walls

A

arteritis

112
Q

name the artery disease being described

circumscribed, balloon-like dilation of the wall of an artery due to weakening and loss of elasticity;
blood enters wall of vessel to form a bulge;
usually seen as a result of mechanical disturbance

A

aneurysm

113
Q

what defines a true aneurysm

A

all layers of the vessel are involved

114
Q

name 3 other causes of an aneurysm besides the most common: mechanical disturbance

A
  1. parasitism
  2. nutritional deficiencies
  3. congenital
115
Q

name the artery disease being described

firm, dark red aggregate situated in posterior aorta and extending into iliac arteries (embolus);
renal and mesenteric arteries may also be affected;
can rarely embolize to a forelimb (usually the R)

A

aortic thrombosis

116
Q

name the artery disease being described

usually associated with damage to the intimal layer leading to a local pro-coagulant environment

A

thrombosis

117
Q

name the vein disease being described

this is the inflammation of the veins, frequently accompanies and precedes thrombosis;
jugulars, vena cava, and portal veins most commonly affected

A

phlebitis

118
Q

name the vein disease being described

can be a result of injection, or extension from an adjacent area of inflammation - often preceded by phlebitis

A

thrombosis

119
Q

name the vein disease being described

spontaneous rupture of pulmonary veins leading to post-exertional ‘nose bleeds’ (false epistaxis);
common in racehorses

A

exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

120
Q

name the factors involved in thrombosis (Virchow’s triad)

A
  1. damage to endothelium
  2. altered blood flow
  3. hypercoagulability of blood

Vet Path (12 decks)

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