Cardiovascular & Peripheral Vascular Disorders Flashcards
(256 cards)
1
Q
Unoxygenated Blood comes from the
A
Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and Coronary Sinus
2
Q
Right Atrium then what valve
A
Tricuspid Valve
3
Q
responsible for Ventricular Filling, Preload
A
Right Ventricle
4
Q
Pulmonary Artery then to the
A
Lungs for pulmonary circulation
5
Q
Oxygenated Blood comes from the
A
Pulmonary Vein
6
Q
what part of the heart follows the Pulmonary Vein
A
Left Atrium
7
Q
what valve follows after the left atrium
A
Mitral Valve
8
Q
responsible for Ventricular Filling, Afterload, Cardiac Output
A
Left Ventricle
9
Q
what valve follows after the left ventricle
A
aortic valve
10
Q
what carries oxygenated blood for systemic circulation throughout the body
A
Ascending Aorta, Descending Aorta, and Coronary Artery
11
Q
AKA elevated blood pressure
A
Hypertension
12
Q
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of hypertension in the general population
A
greater than 140/90 mmHg
13
Q
Most common form of hypertension, exact cause is unknown.
Some causes - aging, family history, smoking, high fat diet,
salty foods, caffeine, stress, DM, sedentary lifestyle
A
Primary hypertension
14
Q
Caused by underlying disease
A
Secondary hypertension
15
Q
Signs of hypertension
A
High blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg), Headache, Neck pain, Nuchal headache, Epistaxis, Dizziness, Vagueness, discomfort, fatigue
16
Q
<120 AND <80 mmHg bp is what type
A
Normal BP
17
Q
120 AND <80 mmHg
A
Elevated BP
18
Q
130 over 80 mmHg
A
Mild (Stage 1)
19
Q
140 over 90 mmHg
A
Moderate (Stage 2)
20
Q
150 over 100 mmHg
A
Severe (Stage 3)
21
Q
> 180 and >120 mmHg
A
Hypertensive Crisis
22
Q
> 180 over >120 Without Target-organ Damage
A
Urgency
23
Q
> 180 over >120 With Target-organ Damage
A
Emergency
24
Q
Retinal hemorrhage, Cotton-wool spots, Papilledema, Spots, Blurred vision
A
Severe Hypertension Signs
25
Complications of severe hypertension
Coronary diseases, heart failure, renal failure, stroke
26
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Clonidine
ALPHA-blockers
27
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Metoprolol
BETA-blocker
28
Identify what pharmacologic class:
-OLOL
BETA-blocker
29
Identify what pharmacologic class:
-DIPINE
CALCI-block
30
Identify what pharmacologic class:
-PRIL
ACE
31
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Captopril
ACE
31
Identify what pharmacologic class:
-SARTAN
ARBS
32
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Prazosin
ALPHA-blockers
33
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Atenolol
BETA-blocker
34
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Nifedipine
CALCI-block
35
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Enalapril
ACE
36
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Valsartan
ARBS
37
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Losartan
ARBS
38
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Methyldopa
ALPHA-blockers
39
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Doxa
ALPHA-blockers
40
Rest ques
Rest ques
41
Regular BP monitoring is needed for hypertension px
true
42
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension what is it called
DASH DIET
43
DASH Diet includes what
Grains and grain products
Fruits and vegetables
Low fat or nonfat dairy
Lean meats, fish, and poultry
Nuts, seeds, and legumes
Fats and sweets
44
First intervention in hypertension?
Give antihypertensive drugs as ordered
45
Health teachings of hypertension
Weight reduction and control
Regular exercise
Alcohol restriction
Smoking cessation
Relaxation techniques (deep-breathing exercises)
Stress reduction
46
Paroxysm or episodes of pain and pressure in anterior chest caused by insufficient coronary blood flow
ANGINA PECTORIS
47
predictable consistent chest pain during exertion; relieved by rest
Stable Angina
48
pain at rest
Prinzmetal or variant
49
unpredictable, more frequent, unrelieved by rest
Unstable or preinfarction
50
intractable incapacitating; severe chest pain
Refractory
51
Diagnostic Tests for hypertension
12 lead ECG
Stress test
Echocardiogram
C-reactive protein
52
what test is done for the marker for inflammation of vascular endothelium with High homocysteine
C-reactive protein
53
Most common cause of angina pectoris
Atherosclerotic
54
Common first manifestation of angina pectoris
Chest pain and discomfort
55
common presenting symptom for elderly
Dyspnea
56
other causes of angina pectoris
○ Smoking
○ Physical exertion
○ Cold exposure
○ Stressful situation
○ Eating heavy meal
○ Excess weight
57
angina means
pectoris means
angina means "pain"
pectoris means "chest"
58
other Manifestations of angina pectoris
○ Retrosternal pain
○ Radiating pain
○ SOB
○ Weakness and numbness of arms
○ Pallor
○ Diaphoresis
○ Undue fatigue
○ Apprehension
○ Dizziness
59
Complications of angina pectoris
○ Myocardial infarction
○ Sudden death
60
indicated position for patients with angina pectoris
as this promotes increase in myocardial oxygen supply
Bed rest, semi-fowlers
61
anti-anginal drugs
Nitroglycerin, ISMN-imdur, ISDN-isordil (isosorbide nitrate)
(mainstay treatment)
62
antiplatelet drugs
aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin
63
Other NURSING INTERVENTIONS for Angina Pectoris
○ Stop all activities (exercise, isometric, stressful situation,
smoking)
○ Low fat diet, high fiber diet, control BP
64
Also known as Ischemic Heart Disease
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
65
A broad heart condition characterized by partial and complete
obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscles
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
66
Usual Cause of CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
Atherosclerosis
67
local accumulation of lipid, fat deposit, plaques, atheromas, and fibrous tissues along intima layer of artery; inflammatory response to artery wall injury
Atherosclerosis
68
4 Major Risk Factors of CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
Sm
Hy
Hi
Di
Oth
○ Smoking
○ Hypertension
○ High cholesterol
○ Diabetes
○ Others: family history, old age, women, obesity, physical
inactivity
69
Most common Sign of CAD
Chest pain
70
Other signs and symptoms of CAD
○ Murmur
○ Bradycardia
○ Extra heart sound
○ Dyspnea
○ Fatigue
○ Syncope
○ High BP
○ Weak PR
○ Wide PP
71
NURSING INTERVENTIONS of CAD
Decrease cardiac output
Cardiac rehabilitation program
72
Regular exercise should be
30 minutes daily; 3x-5x weekly
73
COLLABORATIVE INTERVENTIONS
Monitor VS such as:
○ BP
○ PR
○ Triglyceride
○ HDL
○ LDL
○ Total lipid profile
74
Surgeries for CAD
Prepare patient for Angioplasty, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
75
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Simvastatin
Antilipemics
76
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Nitroglycerin
Antiangina
77
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Fenofibrate
Niacin, Fibric Acid
78
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Cholestyraminase
Bile acid sequestrants
79
Identify what pharmacologic class:
Beta-blocker, Calcium channel blocker
Antihypertensive
80
Causes inflammation of the endocardium (inner layer)
RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
81
Diagnosis for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
○ (+) Throat culture
○ High ESR/WBC
○ Antistreptolysin titer
82
Causes of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
U
M
O
○ URTI and pharyngitis (most common cause)
○ Malnutrition
○ Overcrowding
83
most common cause of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
URTI and pharyngitis
84
one Complication of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
Valvular heart diseases
85
first sign of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
Sore throat
86
most common sign of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
polyarthritis
87
Most important sign of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
Carditis (murmur, muffled heart, cardiomegaly)
88
Others signs of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
erythema marginatum, high fever, rhinitis, precordial pain
89
NURSING INTERVENTIONS for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
Acute Pain
○ S
○ P
○ C
○ Strict bed rest
○ Proper joint alignment
○ Comfort measures: hot compress, fowlers
90
Drug for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS that is NSAIDS
NSAIDS- mild to moderate
Ibuprofen
91
Drug for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS that is corticosteroids
Corticosteroid- severe
prednisone
92
NURSING INTERVENTIONS for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
Risk for infection
○ Treat S
○ Increase O
○ Proper H
○ R
○ Treat sore throat
○ Increase OFI
○ Proper hygiene
○ Rest
93
Prophylactic antibiotics, (invasive procedure) for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS. It is the antibiotics of choice
Starts with the letter P
Penicillin
94
Inflammation of the endocardium (inner layer) is called
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
95
Caused by bacteria, viral and fungal infections (Streptococcus viridans, staphylococcus aureus)
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
96
Diagnostics for INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
○ Blood culture (definitive)
○ Echocardiography
97
most valuable tool for INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Echocardiography
98
Cause of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
○ Infections (systemic, dental and skin)
○ IV therapy, foley, corticosteroid
99
Clinical signs of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Febrile syndrome (Fever, chills, vomiting, body weakness, anorexia), petechiae, osler node, janeway lesion, murmur
100
main sign of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
heart murmur
101
Complications of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
○ Heart failure (left and right sided)
○ Arterial embolization
102
major Complication of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Arterial embolization
103
NURSING INTERVENTIONS of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Risk for infection
○ Monitor
○ Increase
○ Hand
○ Perform
○ Paracetamol
○ Monitor body temp
○ Increase OFI, rest, adequate nutrition
○ Hand hygiene, oral care, skin care
○ Perform asepsis, avoid crowd/people
○ Paracetamol (for fever)
104
medication of choice for INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
A
P and
A
Antibiotic (mainstay tx), penicillin and amphotericin B (if fungal in nature)
105
Inflammation of the myocardium
MYOCARDITIS
106
confirmatory diagnosis of MYOCARDITIS
CT scan
107
other Diagnostics of MYOCARDITIS
○ 2D echo
○ Blood test (increase WBC, ESR and C-reactive protein)
108
most common cause of MYOCARDITIS
Infections
109
other Causes of MYOCARDITIS
○ Rheumatic fever
○ Immunosuppressive therapy
110
most common Manifestation of MYOCARDITIS
Flu like symptoms
111
other Manifestations of MYOCARDITIS
○ Murmur
○ Fatigue
○ Dyspnea
○ SOB palpation
○ Positional chest pain
○ Gallop
112
other Complications of MYOCARDITIS
○ Cardiomyopathy
○ Heart failure
○ Dysrhythmia
○ Venous Thrombosis
○ Mural thrombi
113
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
● Infection
○ Immunization (what are the 2?)
flu, hep B
114
other NURSING INTERVENTIONS MYOCARDITIS
● Infection
○ Check body _________
○ Antibiotic therapy (what drug?)
○ Check body temperature
○ Antibiotic therapy (penicillin)
115
NURSING INTERVENTIONS MYOCARDITIS
● Activity intolerance
○ Bed
○ Limit
○ Gradual i
○ Bed rest
○ Limit sports
○ Gradual increase in physical activity
116
NURSING INTERVENTIONS MYOCARDITIS
● Impaired circulation
what kind of stockings?
Compression stockings
117
NURSING INTERVENTIONS MYOCARDITIS
● Impaired circulation
what kind of exercises?
ROM exercises
118
Inflammation of the pericardium (outer layer)
PERICARDITIS
119
confirmatory diagnosis of PERICARDITIS
CT scan
120
other diagnostic of PERICARDITIS
High ESR C-reactive protein
121
Causes of PERICARDITIS
○ URTI
○ TB
○ Pneumonia
○ HIV
○ Cancer
○ MI
○ Cardiac procedure
○ RF
○ RA
○ Lupus
122
hallmark sign of PERICARDITIS
Clue: PFR
Pericardial friction rub
123
other Clinical signs of PERICARDITIS
○ Severe chest pain
○ Pericarditic pain
○ Substernal precordial pain
124
Complications of PERICARDITIS
P
C
R
Pericardial effusion
cardiac tamponade
right-sided heart failure
125
“Hardening of the arteries” caused by thickening of muscle
fibers and the endothelial lining of small arterial walls
Arteriosclerosis
126
Narrowing (stenosis) of the intima of large and medium-sized
arteries caused by the accumulation of lipids, fatty deposits,
calcium, fibrous tissue, atheromas, and plaques
Atherosclerosis
127
strongest risk factor of ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Smoking
128
other Causes of Arteriosclerosis
○ Age
○ Gender
○ Family history
○ High-fat diet
○ Hyperlipidemia
○ Hypercholesterolemia
○ Hypertension
○ Diabetes Mellitus
○ Stress
○ Sedentary lifestyle
129
marker of developing CAD; sign of generalized atherosclerosis
Clue: I C
Intermittent claudication
130
NURSING INTERVENTIONS of Arteriosclerosis
Behavior modification
Elevate feet
control exercise program
moderate walking
isometric exercises
stress management strategies
Warmth temperature
relaxation therapy
Avoid cold exposure
constrictive clothing
cross legs
emotional upset
Stressful situation
prolong sit/ stand
Dietary modification
low-fat diet
low cholesterol diet
vitamin B3 (niacin)
131
highly/strong recommended NURSING INTERVENTION of Arteriosclerosis
smoking cessation
132
vascular surgical procedure for arteriosclerosis
angioplasty, PTA, stent graft
133
Medication for arteriosclerosis
Bile sequestrant (what drug? C)
Antilipemics (what drug? S)
Cholestyramine
Statins
134
Weakness, dilatation, outpouching, damage and distention of the
tunica media (mid layer of the blood vessel) of the artery in
abdomen (AAA) thoracic (TAA) what disease?
ANEURYSM
135
standard, most accurate Diagnosis of ANEURYSM
CT scan
136
other Diagnostic tests for ANEURYSM
○ Chest x-ray
○ Duplex UTZ
○ Cardiac cath
○ Stress test
○ Trans echo
137
most common cause of ANEURYSM
Atherosclerosis
138
other Causes of ANEURYSM
○ Family history
○ Men
○ Elderly
○ Aging
○ HPN
○ Smoking
○ Alcohol,
○ Obesity
○ Trauma
139
Most important indication of ANEURYSM
It is a visible abdominal pulsating bulge/ mass mid-upper abdomen
It is a periumbilical mass, bruit, feel heart beating in the abdomen, abdominal pain/ throbbing
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
140
What kind of aneurysm has
Constant boring pain (most prominent), pain in supine
position
DOB, SOB, paroxysmal cough, stridor
Hoarseness, aphonia, dysphagia
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (AA)
141
Complications of an Aneurysm that has a sign of impending rupture
severe back/ abdominal pain
142
NURSING INTERVENTIONS for Aneurysm
Avoid:
○ s
○ P
○ H
○ C
○ V
○ S
○ P
○ stimulation environment
○ Physical exertion
○ HTN
○ Caffeine
○ Valsalva
○ Straining
○ Palpating mass
143
Urgent surgeries for aneurysm
Aneurysmectomy and
Endovascular stent graft
144
drug of choice for aneurysm
propanolol
145
NURSING INTERVENTIONS for ANEURYSM
● Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
○ Control BP
○ Opioid analgesic
○ Blood products
○ Hydration
○ IV fluids
○ Oxygen
○ Mechanical ventilator
○ ICU/ CCU care
146
propanolol belongs to what pharmacologic class of hypertensive drugs?
beta blockers
147
Acute vascular occlusion caused by clot, embolus, thrombus
ARTERIAL EMBOLISM, THROMBOSIS
148
causes of ARTERIAL EMBOLISM THROMBOSIS
Iatrogenic injury, invasive procedure (IABP, PTA), fracture, trauma, atrial fibrillation, MI, HF, atherosclerosis, plaques, aneurysm
149
Clinical signs of ARTERIAL EMBOLISM THROMBOSIS
6Ps
pain
pallor
pulselessness
paresthesia
paralysis
poikilothermia (coldness) below the occluded limb
pale (above limb)
150
Diagnostics of ARTERIAL EMBOLISM THROMBOSIS
2D echo
ECG
duplex UTZ
ankle brachial index/ABI
151
NURSING INTERVENTIONS of ARTERIAL EMBOLISM THROMBOSIS
● Impaired Circulation
○ Avoid heating and cooling pads (to prevent trauma)
○ Apply sheepskin foot cradle (to protect legs from trauma)
○ Leg movement
○ Embolectomy (procedure of choice), percutaneous thrombectomy
○ Medication - heparin anticoagulant therapy (prevent thrombus) thrombolytic therapy
152
AKA Thromboangitis Obliterans
It is the Inflammation of the arteries and vein of the hands and feet
BUERGER'S DISEASE
153
primary cause of BUERGER'S DISEASE
This can can cause vasoconstriction that impairs blood flow of the px (Pack of cigarette)
Smoking
154
High blood sugar cause blood viscosity
True or False?
true
155
Can DM cause Decrease in blood supply and ischemia?
True or False
True
156
first sign of BUERGER'S DISEASE
Pain in palm & arch
157
Drug of choice for BUERGER'S DISEASE
Propanolol
158
Opioid analgesic for BUERGER'S DISEASE
Clue: M. S
morphine sulfate
159
Complications of BUERGER'S DISEASE
If patient is unmanaged: may cause U and G
Ulcer and Gangrene
160
NURSING INTERVENTIONS BUERGER'S DISEASE
● Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
○ Smoking cessation (mainstay Tx)
○ Beurger-Allen exercises
○ Amputation = surgical removal of feet OR hand
■ BELOW KNEE
■ ABOVE KNEE
○ Articulation
○ Sympathectomy (for vasospasm)
161
known as the surgical removal of toe
Articulation
162
Medication for BUERGER'S DISEASE for vasodilation and circulation
Nifedipine
163
Intermittent painful/spasm/ construction of arteries in fingers and toes
RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
164
involuntary muscular contraction is AKA
SPASM
165
RAYNAUD’S DISEASE is common in _____ during what season?
Americans; cold weather/ season
166
Main 3 causes of RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
MAIN CAUSE: UNKNOWN
○ Cold (water, weather, works in an ice factory etc.)
○ Stress (always gumagalaw yung kamay like dentist)
○ Caffeine
167
Clinical Signs RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
○ Pale
○ Pallor (white)
○ Cyanotic blue
○ Cold
○ Redness
○ Tingling
○ Numb
○ Throbbing aching pain finger
168
Diagnostic Tests RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
Cold challenge test
hand x-ray
Digital BP
plethysmography
169
NURSING INTERVENTIONS RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
● Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
○ Warm water, lukewarm, bath, warm clothes, wear mittens,
woolen gloves, warming device, relaxation stress technique
170
NURSING INTERVENTIONS RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
● Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
AVOID THIS:
Colds, coffee, extreme temp, repetitive hand movements
171
first line drug therapy FOR RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
CLUE: -dipine
Calcium Channel Blockers
172
Arterial insufficiency of extremities (legs) is called
Clue: PAOD
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
173
Causes of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
○ Men
○ Advance age
○ Elderly
○ Family history
○ Smoking
○ DM
○ HPN
○ Hyperlipidemia
○ Obesity
○ Stress
○ Sedentary lifestyles
174
Diagnosis of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Doppler, ankle-brachial indices, duplex ultrasound
175
Hallmark Signs of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Aching, cramps, fatigue, weakness or intermittent claudication
176
Clinical Signs of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Difficulty walking, cold & pale (feet elevated), ruddy & cyanotic (dependent), numbness (affected extremities), bruit
177
NURSING THERAPEUTICS of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
● Impaired Circulation
○ Feet exercises
○ Leg elevation
○ Exercise program
○ Avoid cross legs & prolong feet dependency (to prevent thrombosis)
○ Elastic compression stockings
○ Adequate hydration
○ Weight reduction
○ Smoking cessation
○ Endarterectomy/vascular graft (treatment of choice)
178
Medications of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
This reduces blood viscosity
Pentoxifylline
179
Medications of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
This is to prevent blood clot
Clue: Antiplatelet
C
A
C
Antiplatelet (Cilostazol, Aspirin, Clopidogrel)
180
This disease causes blood clot formation due to virchow triad
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
181
3 components of virchow triad
E
V
H
endovascular damage
venous stasis
hypercoagulation
182
hypercoagulation (kulang OR sobra ang tubig)?
kulang
183
Venous stasis happens kapag
hindi ginagalaw ang px
184
Endovascular damage happens kapag may damage sa
intema arterial wall
185
Causes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
○ Prolong sit
○ Bed Rest
○ Prolonged Standing
■ Sales lady
○ Cross Sit
○ Immobility
○ Prolonged Travel
○ Trip
○ Smoking
○ Surgery (Hip, Knee)
○ Obesity
○ Pregnancy
■ Increasing intra-abdominal pressure due to the increasing fetal growth can cause occlusion
○ Pills
○ Restrictive Clothes
186
Clinical Signs of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
○ Positive homans signs (pain during feet dorsiflexion)
■ Alternative: instruct patient to walk
○ Leg edema
○ Swelling
○ Tenderness
○ Pain
○ hot/warmth
○ Redness
○ Discomfort
○ Monitor Respiratory Rate
187
Positive homans signs means
pain during feet dorsiflexion
188
How to manage + homans sign
instruct patient to walk
189
most serious Complication of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
Reports for severe dyspnea and chest pain
Clue: P. E
Pulmonary embolism
190
Medical Interventions of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
○ for blood clot
Anticoagulants
191
Medical Interventions of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
○ report immediately for bleeding
Thrombolytic therapy
192
Medical Interventions of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
○ remove thrombus in veins and the procedure of choice
Venous thrombectomy
193
NURSING THERAPEUTICS for DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
● Impaired Circulation
○ Increased Oral fluid intake, hydration, prevent dehydration - to
avoid hypercoagulation
○ turning every 2 hrs
○ Antiembolic elastic compression stockings, leg exercise
■ ROM
■ Wearing of Antiembolic elastic compression legs stockings,
avoid cross legging, avoid standing
○ Avoid prolonged sitting/standing
194
most cost efficient NURSING THERAPEUTICS for DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
Early ambulation/mobilization
195
NURSING THERAPEUTICS for DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
● Altered Comfort
○ Mild analgesic NSAID, ASA (for leg discomfort)
○ Bed rest
○ Warm compress
○ Walking
○ Bed exercises
○ Elevate legs above heart level
○ Ambulation
196
Limb swelling associated with bacterial infection is known as
CELLULITIS
197
causes of CELLULITIS
○ Leg cracks,fissures, contusions, abrasions, ulcerations
○ Ingrown toenails
○ hangnails
198
Clinical Signs of CELLULITIS
○ Swelling
○ Localized redness
○ Pain affected legs
○ Febrile signs (fever, chills, sweating, palpable lymph nodes)
199
NURSING THERAPEUTICS for CELLULITIS
● Infection
Antibiotic therapy
200
NURSING THERAPEUTICS for CELLULITIS
● Acute Pain
○ Elevate affected legs
○ Apply warm moist pack
○ Analgesics
201
Dilated, weak, incompetent, defective, distending, bulging, protruded, prominent, visible, tortuous veins in legs
VARICOSE VEINS
202
Confirmatory Diagnosis for VARICOSE VEINS
Duplex ultrasound
203
Causes of VARICOSE VEINS
○ Prolong sitting, standing, cross sitting
○ Obesity
○ Pregnancy
○ Cardiovascular Diseases
○ Constrictive cloth
○ High impact exercises
○ Heavy physical activities
○ Thrombophlebitis
204
Most common Clinical Sign of VARICOSE VEINS
Heavy ache leg pain
205
Other Clinical Signs of VARICOSE VEINS
○ Spider vein (teleangiectasis)
○ Burning pain
○ Paresthesia
○ Leg fullness
○ Pruritus
○ Leg cramps
206
Complications of VARICOSE VEINS
○ Deep vein thrombosis
○ SVD (most common)
207
NURSING THERAPEUTICS for VARICOSE VEINS
● Impaired Circulation
○ Turning q2h, frequent position change
○ Anti-embolic elastic compression stockings
○ Ankle- flexion-leg exercise, feet elevation
○ Warm compress
○ Prepare patient for surgical ligation (Procedure of choice),
sclerotherapy, radiation ablation
208
DOC for VARICOSE VEINS (for blood clot)
Anticoagulants
209
DOC for VARICOSE VEINS (for leg discomfort)
ASA (Aspirin)
210
5 components of Atherosclerosis
Looking For Phineas and Ferb
lipid
fat deposit
plaques
atheroma
fibrous tissue
211
Rheumatic endocarditis main points
S
P
C
P
Sore throat
Pharyngitis
Carditis
Polyarthritis
212
What drug for rheumatic endocarditis causes immunosuppression that is why it should be used with caution
Corticosteroids
213
Where do we see staphylococcus aureus? (Infective Endocarditis)
Skin
214
4 examples of Cardiac enzymes
Serioactive protein
Troponin I
Troponin T
CKMB
215
2 examples of Kidney enzymes
BUN
Creatinine
216
4 examples of Liver enzymes
SGPT
SGOT
ALT
AST
217
AKA blood clot formation
Thrombus/ Thrombi
218
Myocarditis can lead to _________ formation
Thrombus
219
Localized blood clot formation
Thrombus
220
A circulating thrombus, dislodged from other body parts (e.g. Legs) then became a travelling blood clot then may cause MI
Embolus
221
Myocarditis patients is possible prone to
VT and MT
Venous thrombosis and mural thrombi
222
Prevent the formation of DVT in the legs
Anti embolic stockings
223
Other nursing interventions to prevent blood clot formation (what bed mattress and position)?
Egg crater bed mattress
Change position q2h
224
Antibiotic group of Penicillin
Beta- lactam
225
Amoxicillin antibiotics belong to what antibiotic group?
Penicillin group
226
What antibiotic class does Co-trimoxazole belong?
Sulfonamides
227
Antibiotic class of Ciprofloxacin
Fluoroquinolones
228
What immunologic class of drugs do
-cillin belong?
Penicillin group of antibacterial drugs
229
What class does -floxacin belong?
Fluoroquinolones
230
What class does sulfa- belong?
Ex: sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole), sulfasalazine
Sulfonamide antibacterial drugs
231
what class does Ce- belong?
Ex: Cefuroxime, ceftazidime
Cephalosphorin group
232
What drug is a 2nd generation cephalosphorin that inhibits cell wall synthesis which is bacteriocidal (antibiotic drugs)?
Clue: This is its mechanism of action
Cefuroxime
233
what class of drugs do -mycin belong?
Ex: Clindamycin
Aminoglycosides/ macrolide antibiotics
234
All antibiotics has a main/ common side effect of?
Allergic reaction (Hypertensitivity)
235
Most common sign of allergic (hypersensitivity) reaction
Rashes (maculo-papular)
236
What do you call if a person is allergic to the same medications with the same class?
Ex. Penicillin group
Cross-sensitivity reaction
237
Pain, weakness, tenderness in the calf muscle of the legs. Generalized form of atherosclerosis (entire body is with fatry deposits) is called?
Intermittent claudication
238
It is called as the middle layer of the blood vessel
Tunica media
239
Duplex UTZ is used for
Arteries are with fatty deposits/ atheroma deposits
240
Stimulating environment should be avoided for px with aneurysm
T or F
True
241
Room for aneurysm patients
ICU
Why? Aneurysm px should avoid private room, semi private, near nurses station, or wards
242
Standard treatment for aneurysm
Clue: S
Surgery
243
Avoid activities that will stimulate valsalva maneuver for px with aneurysm,
Ex: coughing, pooping, bearing down, palpating the mass
T or F
True
Promotes cardiac stimulation
244
Normal pulse rate
60-100 bpm
245
Normal blood sugar
80 over 120
246
3 blood thinning products
Aspirin (antiplatelet), heparin (anticoagulant), thrombolytic
247
This drugs prevents platelet aggregation, thus prevent blood clot formation. Also promotes collateral circulation.
Antiplatelet (aspirin)
248
Side effect of antiplatelet (aspirin)
Bleeding tendencies, blood thinning episodes
Ex: Nose bleeding, gum bleeding, blood in the vomit, hematuria (blood in urine), bruises, black starry stool (Upper GI bleeding)
249
Will you give anticoagulant therapy to a px with embolism?
Yes or No
No. Because it will rupture lalo
250
Why is it hard for a physician to prescribe thrombolytic therapy to Arterial embolism & thrombosis px?
Masyado na siyang malala = increased chance of hemorrhage (excess bleeding)
251
Most common side effect of thrombolytic therapy
Intracerebral hemorrhage
252
Mainstay treatment of beurger's disease
Smoking cessation
253
Surgical remova of feet or hand
Amputation
254
2 types of amputation
AK
BK
Above knee
Below knee
255
Colors of fingers (raynaud's disease)
Yellow
Blue
White
Purple
Dark blue
