Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 1

the heart

Answer 1

inferior and superior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulomonary semilunar valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > body

Question 2

Conduction Pathways

Answer 2

SA Node > Internodal pathways > AV Node > Bundle of His > Left and Right bundle branches > Purkinje fibers

Question 3

The right side of the heart

Answer 3

Receives blood returning from the body

Question 4

The left side of the heart

Answer 4

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs

Question 5

The two sides of the heart are separated by

Answer 5

interventricular system septum

Question 6

Which is the largest and most powerful chamber?

Answer 6

Left ventricle

Question 7

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 7

through the vagus nerve and decrease HR and force of contraction

Question 8

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Answer 8

stimulated by stress to increase HR and force of contraction

Question 9

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are released due to

Answer 9

sympathetic stimulation

Question 10

Bradycardia

Answer 10

resting HR below 60 bpm

Question 11

Tachycardia

Answer 11

resting HR above 100 bpm

Question 12

P wave

Answer 12

Atrium depolarization

Question 13

QRS complex

Answer 13

Ventricular depolarization

Question 14

T wave

Answer 14

Ventricular repolarization (ventricular diastole)

Question 15

Diastole

Answer 15

relaxation phase during which the chambers fill with blood (T wave to QRS complex)

Question 16

Systole

Answer 16

contraction phase during which the chambers speed blood (QRS to T)

Question 17

Stroke Volume

Answer 17

the volume of blood pumped per contraction

Question 18

SV formula

Answer 18

SV = EDV- ESV

Question 19

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

Answer 19

the volume of blood in ventricle before contraction

Question 20

End-systolic volume (ESV)

Answer 20

the volume of blood in ventricle after contraction

Question 21

Cardiac output (Q)

Answer 21

the total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute

Question 22

Cardiac output formula

Answer 22

Q = HR x SV

Question 23

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Answer 23

the proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat

Question 24

Ejection Fraction formula

Answer 24

EF = SV / EDV

Question 25

Vascular System

Answer 25

Arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins

Question 26

Autoregulation

Answer 26

arterioles within organs or tissue dilate or constrict

Question 27

Extrinsic neural control

Answer 27

when sympathetic nerves within the walls of vessels are stimulated

Question 28

BP formula

Answer 28

BP = cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

Question 29

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Answer 29

average pressure exerted by the blood as it travels through arteries

Question 30

MAP formula

Answer 30

MAP = DBP + {0.333 (SBP -DBP)]

Question 31

Total Pheripheral Resistance (TPR) formula

Answer 31

TPR =MAP / Q or Q = MAP/ TPR

Question 32

Composition of Blood

Answer 32

55% plasma | 45% elements

Question 33

Compositon of plasma

Answer 33

90% H20 7% plasma proteins 3% other

Question 34

Compositions of elements

Answer 34

99% RBCs | 1% WBCs and platelets

Question 35

White blood cells

Answer 35

protect body from disease organism

Question 36

Blood Platelets

Answer 36

cell fragments that help blood coagulation

Question 37

RBCs

Answer 37

carry oxygen to tissue with the help of hemoglobin

Question 38

Hematocrit

Answer 38

the ratio of formed elements to the total blood volume

Question 39

Higher hematocrits result in

Answer 39

higher blood viscosity

Question 40

Acute response to exercise

Answer 40

increase HR, SV, and Q

Question 41

Resting HR

Answer 41

28 -100 bpm

Question 42

Factors that decrease resting HR

Answer 42

Age and increased cardiovascular fitness

Question 43

Factors that affect resting HR

Answer 43

environmental conditions (altitude and temperature)

Question 44

HRmax

Answer 44

highest heart rate value one can achieve in an all-out effort to the point of exhaustion

Question 45

HRmax formula

Answer 45

HRmax= 220 - age in years

Question 46

Steady-state HR

Answer 46

HR plateau reached during a constant rate of submaximal work

Question 47

What represents a low steady-state HR?

Answer 47

a more efficient heart

Question 48

What does SV determine?

Answer 48

a cardiorespiratory endurance capacity at maximal rates of work

Question 49

Why a slight decline occurs at SVmax?

Answer 49

Due to a smaller venous return because the heart rate is so high that there isn't enough time to fill the heart up with blood

Question 50

Frank Startling mechanism

Answer 50

More blood in the ventricle causes it to stretch more and contract with more force

Question 51

An increased in the SV during exercise is due to?

Answer 51

the Frank-Starling mechanism and because the heart just contracts harder

Question 52

Cardiovascular Drift

Answer 52

A gradual decrease in SV and systematic and pulmonary arterial pressures and increase in HR

Question 53

How does cardiovascular drift occur?

Answer 53

With steady-state prolonged exercise or exercise in a hot environment

Question 54

Cardiovascular Endurance Training

Answer 54

SBP increases and DBP changes little

Question 55

Resistance Exercise

Answer 55

Exaggerates BP responses 480/350 mmHg

Question 56

Arterial- Venous Oxygen Difference

Answer 56

Amount of oxygen extracted from the blood as it travels through the body