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Medical Science > Cardiovascular System 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System 1 Flashcards

Blood Vessels, Blood Components & Blood Groups

1
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels which usually carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except for pulmonary arteries)

they have thick walls and a small lumen to maintain higher pressure so it can travel further along the body

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2
Q

Structure of Arteries

A

Collagen outer layer (elastic tissue) which helps maintain a high pressure

Smooth muscle, provides control of blood flow (by contracting and relaxing)

(Folded) endothelium layer allows it to stretch a maintain a high-pressure

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3
Q

What do arteries branch off into?

A

Arterioles

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4
Q

Arterioles

A

Blood vessels which usually carry oxygenated and blood away from the heart

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5
Q

Structure of Arterioles

A

They have slightly thinner walls and lower pressure, direct blood flow to areas of the body by contracting and relaxing

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6
Q

What do arterioles branch off into?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

Function of capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessel which has both the thinnest membrane and the smallest lumen (one cell thick) they carry out substance exchange between body cells and the blood

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8
Q

Structure of the capillaries

A

Endothelium cells which are one cell thick and the lumen allows one cell to flow through at a time

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9
Q

Capillary lumen in relation to substance exchange

A

The lumen of the capillary only allows one red blood cell to pass through at a time.
This helps to drastically decrease the pressure and the speed of blood flow which allows for gas (and ion) exchange to take place more efficiently

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10
Q

Adaptations of the capillaries

A

They pass by very closely to cells to reduce the diffusion pathway and maximise diffusion rate.
The membrane is one cell thick which provides a short diffusion pathway.
There is a large number of them which increases the surface area for diffusion to take place.

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11
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

a network of capillaries in tissue

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12
Q

What do capillaries branch up into?

A

Venules

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13
Q

Venules

A

Blood vessels, which usually carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart, but do not meet the heart

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14
Q

Structure of Venules

A

They have slightly thinner walls and the lower pressure then veins
they do NOT have any valves

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15
Q

What do venules branch up into?

A

Veins

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16
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels which usually carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (except for pulmonary vein)
they have relatively thin walls and valves to pump blood under low pressure under the one direction

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17
Q

Structure of veins

A

The outermost muscle layer is used to control blood flow by contracting and relaxing
The endothelium inner layer is used for substance exchange by capillaries

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18
Q

The role of valves in veins

A

They help prevent blood back flowing as the blood is flowing much slower due to the low pressure

19
Q

How is blood flow assisted in the veins?

A

Blood flow is assisted by contraction of muscle cells near the veins

20
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma
Platelets
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells

21
Q

What is Plasma?

A

A pale straw coloured substance which carries (mainly) waste products away from cells to where they’re disposed of (e.g. CO2 to the lungs)

22
Q

What waste products does blood plasma carry?

A

Carbon Dioxide
Urea

23
Q

What NON-waste products does the blood plasma carry?

A

amino acids
glucose
proteins
RBC
WBC
hormones
electrolytes

24
Q

Thromocytes

A

aka platelets

25
Q

Platelets (thromocytes)

A

Small fragments of cells which help blood clot up when a blood vessel is breached/wound. This helps to reduce blood loss

26
Q

What can a lack of Platelets cause?

A

excessive bleeding

27
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red Blood Cells

28
Q

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

A

Contain haemoglobin which is important for the transport of oxygen to bodily cells

29
Q

Haemoglobin

A

A quaternary protein which has 4 ham groups (iron ions) to bind to oxygen to transport oxygenate bodily cells

30
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells

31
Q

White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

A

Cells that are involved in the body’s immune response to pathogens (such as engulfing and digesting foreign organisms in the blood)

32
Q

What is blood group determined by?

A

The antigens found on the surface of the red blood cell. These can either be A, B, O

33
Q

Blood group A

A

Have antigen A on the red blood cell

34
Q

Blood group B

A

Have antigen B on the red blood cell

35
Q

Blood group AB

A

Have a mixture of antigen A and antigen B on the red blood cell

36
Q

Blood group O

A

Have no antigens on the red blood cell

37
Q

Donating blood based of ABO blood type

A

Patient can only receive blood from blood groups which have the same ABO blood type as them

however AB blood types can receive blood from a mixture of A, B and AB blood types

38
Q

Rhesus D antigen

A

Blood is also grouped based off of this antigen (also found on the surface of red blood cells).
Individuals with the antigen are referred to as Rhesus positive and individuals without this antigen are referred to as Rhesus negative

39
Q

Donating blood based off Rhesus blood group

A

Rhesus negative patients can only receive blood from specific negative blood groups

Rhesus positive patients can receive blood from specific either negative or positive blood groups

40
Q

Donating blood based off ABO and Rhesus blood groups

A

Patience can only receive blood if it matches the ABO blood group AND the rhesus blood group

For example, a B- patient can only receive blood from blood type O- and B-

41
Q

What happens if the wrong blood group is given to a patient?

A

The body detects the antigens on the donated blood as foreign and attack the donated red blood cells which reduces its ability to carry out its function (provide oxygen to cells)

42
Q

The universal blood donor

A

Blood group O (specifically O-) because it has no antigens on its surface so can go undetected in the bloodstream

This means it can be administered to any blood group

43
Q

The universal blood recipient

A

Blood group AB+ because it can receive blood from from all three ABO blood groups and both rhesus blood groups

Medical Science (16 decks)

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