Cardiovascular System 1

Question 1

List the layers of the heart, outer to inner

Answer 1

Pericardium -> Epicardium -> Myocardium -> Endocardium

Question 2

CVD causes _ in _ deaths annually in the US

Answer 2

1 in 3

Question 3

Leading risks of CVD

Answer 3

Hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking

Question 4

Those in their ___ and ___ with no CVD risk factors have lower risk of death

Answer 4

40s and 50s

Question 5

Signs and symptoms of CVD

Answer 5

Chest,
Neck,
Arm,
Jaw Pain

Question 6

What could the chest, neck, arm or jaw pain from CVD be due to?

Answer 6

Ischemia, MI, pericarditis, endocarditis, valve dysfunction, aneurysm

Question 7

Anemia will lead to what happening to the heart

Answer 7

Deoxygenation in myocardium

Question 8

Chest, neck, arm, or jaw pain from CVD could be associated with

Answer 8

nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, dyspnea, fatigue, and pallor

Question 9

Diaphoresis is

Answer 9

Excessive sweating

Question 10

Dyspnea is

Answer 10

Difficulty breathing

Question 11

Pallor is

Answer 11

Yellow appearance

Question 12

CVD pain can radiate to ___ dermatome, in the ___ arm, and can be confused with _____ pain

Answer 12

C3/C4
Left arm
Ulnar nerve pain

Question 13

What is angina and when/why does it occur?

Answer 13

Chest pain when heart muscle does not get enough O2

Question 14

Angina feels like what and can be mistaken for what?

Answer 14

Feels like pressure of squeezing; can be taken for indigestion

Question 15

Palpitations are

Answer 15

Irregular/Very fast heart rate. Arrhythmia. Can be benign.

Question 16

Palpitations can be caused by

Answer 16

Caffeine, anxiety, exercise, some meds, menopause when estrogen decreases

Question 17

Palpitations are only classified when occurrence is

Answer 17

6 or more palpitations per minute

Question 18

Dyspnea (SOB) can be ______ or ______ in origin

Answer 18

Cardiac or pulmonary

Question 19

Dyspnea on exertion may be indicative of

Answer 19

impairment

Question 20

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea is

Answer 20

SOB that wakes individual during night when laying supine

Question 21

Orthopnea is

Answer 21

SOB when lying flat

Question 22

Dyspnea that’s relieved by changing position is associated with

Answer 22

Pulmonary conditions

Question 23

Cough is typically associated with what condition?

Answer 23

Pulmonary conditions

Question 24

When cough shows left ventricular dysfunction, is indicates there is issue with

Answer 24

Cardiovascular system

Question 25

With cough, left ventricular dysfunction may results in

Answer 25

Pulmonary edema. May result in sputum or blood.

Question 26

What is cyanosis and why does it occur?

Answer 26

Bluish lips, nail beds, fingers, toes From inadequate O2 levels.

Question 27

Central vs Peripheral Cyanosis: Where are they found?

Answer 27

Central: Mouth Peripheral: Fingers, toes

Question 28

What is the hallmark of right ventricular failure?

Answer 28

Peripheral edema

Question 29

Peripheral edema that comes from cardiovascular problem is: bi- or unilateral? Dependent or independent?

Answer 29

Bilateral, dependent

Question 30

Peripheral is associated with:

Answer 30

JVD (jugular vein distention) Ascites RUQ Pain

Question 31

If dysfunction in ride side of heart, blood will go where?

Answer 31

Back to the body resulting in edema

Question 32

What is claudication and what causes it?

Answer 32

Leg pain or cramping Due to PVD or CAD

Question 33

With claudication, best treatment is

Answer 33

Walking in intervals

Question 34

Claudication is associated with ______ disease but also ________ disease

Answer 34

cardiovascular and peripheral vascular

Question 35

What is cardiac syncope and why does it happen

Answer 35

Fainting and lightheadedness because of reduced O2 to brain

Question 36

What 3 things could you get from cardiac syncope?

Answer 36

Arrhythmias, poor ventricular function, CAD

Question 37

People with cardiac syncope are fatigued with _____ exertion

Answer 37

Minimal

Question 38

Decrease in number of myocytes, cardiac fibrosis, inc vent stiffness, impaired diastolic function, inc mechanical load, impaired autonomic reflex control of HR, brown atrophy, arterial walls stiffen, aorta dilated and elongated, increased arteriosclerosis, dec in function capacity with exercise (dec HR and dec CO) happen in what population?

Answer 38

Aging population

Question 39

Diseases affecting the heart muscle (interchangeable)

Answer 39

Ischemic heart disease Coronary heart disease Coronary artery disease

Question 40

_____ ______ carry O2 to heart

Answer 40

Coronary arteries

Question 41

When coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked…

Answer 41

Herat becomes ischmeic, injured, and possible infarction

Question 42

Arteriosclerosis is

Answer 42

A group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Question 43

How many types of arteriosclerosis are there and what are there names?

Answer 43

3 types 1. Atherosclerosis 2. Mönckeberg’s arteriosclerosis 3. Arteriosclerosis

Question 44

What type of arteriosclerosis? Plaques of fatty deposits from in the intima. Also most common

Answer 44

Atherosclerosis

Question 45

What type of arteriosclerosis? Involving the middle layer of the arteries. Destruction of muscle and elastic fibers and formation of Ca deposits.

Answer 45

Mönckeberg’s Arteriosclerosis

Question 46

What is this type of arteriosclerosis? Thickening of walls of small arteries (arterioles)

Answer 46

Arteriosclerosis

Question 47

Thickening of the arterial walls through accumulation of lipids, macrophages, t Lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, calcium and necrotic debris… is what type of arteriosclerosis?

Answer 47

Atherosclerosis

Question 48

CAD become constructed and hard/fibrotic as a result of

Answer 48

Atherosclerosis

Question 49

Treating CAD… most effective way?

Answer 49

Changing one’s habits (to stop disease from progressing)

Question 50

Once CAD develops, it requires _____ management

Answer 50

Lifelong

Question 51

CAD management can include

Answer 51

Medications and surgery. Surgery may require multiple times (coming back)

Question 52

Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD

Answer 52

Age, male, family history, ethnicity, infection

Question 53

Pathogenesis of CAD: 1 begins with an injury to what part of artery? What does this injury do?

Answer 53

Endothelial lining (intimal layer) It makes vessels more permeable to circulating lipoproteins

Question 54

Pathogenesis of CAD 2: Penetration of lip proteins into smooth muscle cells of intima produces what?

Answer 54

Fatty streaks

Question 55

Pathogenesis of CAD 3: A ______ _____ grows outward first and is large enough to decrease blood flow through the artery

Answer 55

fibrous plaque

Question 56

Pathogenesis of CAD 4: ______ with rupture, or _______ of the fibrous plaque is the final advanced stage

Answer 56

Calcification, hemorrhage

Question 57

Pathogenesis of CAD 5: ______ may occur, further occluding the lumen of blood vessel

Answer 57

Thrombosis