Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Kate McCutchen

closed circulatory system because the fluid contents are pumped from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart

includes the study of the muscular heart, blood vessels, and blood

transport gases, nutrients and wastes throughout body

cardiovascular system

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a fist-sized cone-shaped muscular organ located in the pericardial cavity in the anterior portion of the mediastinum between the lungs

the heart

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where the heart is housed btw the lungs

mediastinum

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each contain a lung

pleural cavities

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a thick, tough sac that encloses the heart

protects and anchors the heart ot the diaphragm

inner and outer layers of covered by smooth endothelium

special fluid lubricates the layers to reduce friction

pericardium

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bulk of the heart made of cardiac muscle which contracts

muscle fibers are highly branched and attached by colagen connective tissue fibers to link all heart parts together

myocardium (Think muscle)

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a white sheet of endothelium that lines the heart

is continuous w/ the blood vessel linings

endocardium

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divides the heart into 2 right and 2 left chambers by this partition

septum

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two upper receiving chambers

smaller than and not as muscular as the ventricles

must force blood through vessels to distant parts of the body

atria

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two-lower pumping (sending) chambers

ventricles

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shallow depression on the septum separating the atria

marks the place of an opening btw atria present in all developing fetususe

this allows fetal blood to move from right to left atrium, bypassing lungs

fossa ovalis

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controls the flow leaving the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary valve

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controls the flow of blood out of the left ventricle into the aorta

stronger than pulmonary valve b/c of the increased BP to send blood throughout the body

aortic valve

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controls the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle

mitral (Bicuspid) valve

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controls the flow of blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle.

tricuspid valve

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three types of blood vessels used to transport the blood throughout the body

arteries, veins and capilaries

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afferent blood vessel bringing deoxgenated blood back to heart (except pulmonary veins)

thinner-walled vessels that are under less pressure from the heart

do not have pulses

have internal valves that open toward hear and close at the end of a heart beat

have compliance (Stretch w/ little recoil) which makes the m have the largeset amount of blood in cardiovascular system

veins

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efferent blood vessel that carry blood away from heart

Carry oxygenated blood (Expect pulmonary arteries)

elastic, thick-walled vessels that can expand and contract =

arteries

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exchange materials w/ tissues

The branching of arterioles causes formation of even narrower tube

interconnected to form capillary beds to perform exhange of materials

capillaries

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are small arteries that constrict and dilate from muscles controlled by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems to control BP

responsible for providing differeing levels of BP (peripheral resistance)

arterioles

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the opening in the center of a vessel

the lumen

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3 layers of arteries and veins

tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima

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the most superficial layer of a vessel, which helps to anchor the vessel to the surrounding structures.

tunica externa (Adventitia)

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the middle muscular layer of a vessel has an external elastic membrane, a layer of smooth muscle, and a layer of internal elastic membrane

tunica media

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ayer of a vessel contains a layer of subendothelial tissue and a layer of endothelium.

tunica intima

The blood is collected from the capillary beds by these small veins maj join to form a vein that returns to heart

venules

runs toward the left side of the heart and divides into the anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch supply oxygen rich blood to heart

left coronary artery

supplies blood to both ventricles

anterior interventricular branch

supplies the left atrium and left ventricle

circumflex branch

arise from the base of the aorta and supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart tissues runs toward the right side of the heart and divides into the posterior interventricular artery and the marginal artery

right coronary artery

supply the right atrium and right ventricle

marginal artery

is the first branch off the aortic arch supples blood to the right arm and neck

brachiocephalic trunk

known as the cerebral arterial circule providing alternate circulation in case one of the arteries becomes blocked is important because neurons must be continuously supplied with oxygen or they will die within minutes

Circle of Willis

are small biconcave disks that carry oxygen 4 million to 6 million red blood cells per 1.0 mm3 of whole blood mature ones become anucleate (no nucleus) in order to synthesisze hemoglobin before released into blood live for about 120 and destroyed in liver and spleen

RBC (erythrocytes)

contains iron that combines loosely with oxygen, helping to carry oxygen in the blood is released when RBC are destroyed so the iron can be recylced and returned ot red bone marrow

hemoglobin

also called leukocytes They are larger, have a relatively large nucleus, and lack hemoglobin.

WBC

occurs when microorgansims enter body due to an injury b/c there is swelling and reddenng at site

inflammatory response

3 groups of WBC?

granulocytes, agranulocytes and lymphocytes

have granules incldue netrophils, eosinophils and basophils capable of phagocytosis

granulocytes

inclyde T and B cells

lymphocytes

dont have granules

agranulocytes

are involved in the process of blood clotting, or coagulation not true cells, but fragments of bone marrow called megakaryocte help stop blood bleedinb by sticking to edges of a wound

platelets (thrombocytes)

mechanism of a series of events that stop the blood from clotting that is signaled by platelets

coagulation cascade

a clotting factor released by injured tissues and platelets converts prothrombin to thrombin

prothrombin activator

a protein manufactured by the liver that freely floats in the blood.

fibrinogen

helps to convert fibrinogen to activated fibrin.

thrombin

threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the framework for the clot RBC become trapped which make clot appear red

fibrin

is formed by the network of fibrin and platelets working together to stop bleedin temporarily

platelet plug

an ezyme that destroys fibrin netowkr and restores fluididy of plasma when blood vessel begins repairment

plasmin

right circuit of the heart that sends deoxyginated blood to lungs to be oxygenated

pulmonary circuit

left circuit of heart that sends oxygenated blood from heart to body' cells

systemic cirscuit

Large vessel that drains anything below diaphragm Returns blood to the heart from lower body

inferior vena cavae

are the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart.

pulmonary arteries

Are very large and exit from the heart i.e. aorta and pulmanry trunk able to expand when hear beats

conducting arteries

When age, plaque build up and lose elasticity when blood surges in from heart → increase in BP from vessels→ aneurysm

atherosclerosis

Weak point in an artery or a vessel that think wall weakens with each heartbeat until the walls erupt → possibly death or stroke

Aneurysms

Direct branches, thick muscular wall (40 layers of smooth muscle) to withstand pressure Muscle makes up 75% of arterial wall with some elastic tissue

distributing arteries

due to weakened valves visible through skin from blood pooling and blackflow in venous system

varicose veins

Large vessels with very thin walls and large lumens (openings in the center of a blood vessel) i.e. coronary sinus of heart into vna cava

Venous Sinuses

Large vessel that drains anything above diaphragm Returns blood to the Right Atrium of heart from upper body

superior vena cava

contraction of heart chambers

systole

how long does a heart beat last and how many times does it beat per minute?

0.85 seconds 70 x a minute

3 phases of the cardiac cycle

1st the atria contract for about 0.15 seconds while the ventricles relax. 2nd the ventricles contract for about 0.30 seconds while the atria relax. 3rd , all chambers relax for about 0.40 seconds

relaxation of the chambers

diastole

when the atrioventricular valves (Bicuspid and tricuspid) valves close

lub

when the seminlunar valves close

dub

results from blood being forced into the arteries during ventricular systole

systolic pressure

the pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole.

diastolic pressure

Blood pressure is measured with a piece of medical equipment

sphygmomanometer

what 2 systems regulate heart rate what neurotransmitters are used?

the nervous and endocrine systems norepinephrine and acetylcholine

where the electrcial impusle that controls the cardiac cycle begins at found in the RA known as the "pace maker

sinoatrial node

electrical impulses from SA node spread to atria, traveling into here to the bundle of His

AV node (Atrioventricular node)

After the bundle of His, the impulse travels down to the ventricular apex throught here causes left and right ventricles to contract

Purkinje fibers

device used to measure electrical impulses in the heart

electrocardiogram/ EKG

Atrial depolarization (active firing of a nerve impulse) and atrial systole are denoted as what?

P-wave

Ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole are denoted as

QRS complex

Ventricular repolarization (returning to rest) and ventricular diastole are denoted as

T-wave

when BP drops, blood flow to the brain is reduced and fainting occurs due to decreas of O2 to brain

syncope

fluid accumulation eart failure causes an abnormal backup of fluids in the body leading to this or high BP

edema

is a buildup of fluid in the lungs due to left-sided heart failure.

Pulmonary edema/ congestive heart failure

Right-sided heart disease tends to cause this buildup of fluid in the body/limbs

peripheral edema

condition when the systolic and diastolic pressures are significantly higher than 120/80 mm Hg. silent killer

hypertension

fat deposits that accumlate beneath inner arterial linings can cause blood clots to form

plaque

stationary blood clot

thrombus

embolus that becomes dislodged in a vessel as it travels death may occur if it lodges into a vital organ of the brain, heart or lungs

thrombembolism

if a blood clot dislodges and moves along w/ blood

embolus

he blockage of a major artery in the lungs, causing shortness of breath and angina (chest pain).

pulmonary thromboembolism (PE)

ccurs if the blood vessel is entirely blocked by a thrombus or an embolism, causing tissue death in the area supplied by the clogged artery.

Infarction

heart attack occurs when a part of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen

myocardial infarction

procedure where a surgeon threads a plastic tube into artery of arm/leg and inflates a balloon to open artery

angioplasty

drug taken for thromboembolism normally produced by bacteria

streptokinase

drug taken for thromboembolism genetically modified

t-PA

a blood molecule thats converted into plasmin by t-Pa or Streptokinase drugs

plasminogen

an enzyme that dissolves blood clots

plasmiin

If a person has symptoms of angina or a thrombolytic stroke, an anticoagulant this drug may be given by the emergency response team.

aspirin reduces coagulation of platelets and lowers possibility of clot forming

operation where a piece of another blood vessel from patients body is stitched

coronary artery bypass surger

makes up RBC, WBC, and platelets cell portion of the blood

formed element

made when blood is centrifugd

serum

blood plasma

liquid part of blood that doesnt contain proteins

pressure that pushes fluid into tissues

hydrostatic pressure

pressure that pushes fluid from the tissues intp circulatory system

osmotic pressure

blood pH is what?

7.4

a large mass of dead white blood cells after trying to fight infection that appears as a yellowish fluid.

pus

a clotting factor that is released by the platelets and body tissues which converts prothrombin to thrombin. ?→ Thrombin → converts Fibrinogen → activate Fibrin → Plasmin released once vessel is repaired→ destroys fibrin network → restores plama fluidity

prothrombin activator

TRUE/FALSE The atria contraction time is much longer than the ventricles.

False

TRUE/FALSEThe heart sounds are of the valves opening.

FALSE (when the valves close)

is chest pain that occurs if the coronary artery is blocked due to plaque buildup. Consequently, pain will radiate in the left arm → heart attack.

angina pectoris

separates ventricles posteriorly

posterior ventricular sulcus

separates left and right ventricles located anteriorly btw 2 ventricles

anterior interventricular sulcus

separates atria from ventricles

coranary sulcus

circumflex branch and parts of the veinous drainage of the heart

coranary sinus

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(111 cards)