Nervous System Part 3: Special Senses

Question 1

what are the five special senses?

Answer 1

vision, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium

Question 2

what are the outer fibrous layer made of?

Answer 2

sclera and cornea

Question 3

the posterior portion of the eye

aka “white of the eye”

Answer 3

the sclera

Question 4

anterior part of the eye

transparent part where light enters

Answer 4

cornea

Question 5

fills space btw the cornea and lens

Answer 5

aqueous humor

Question 6

what does the middle layer of the eye include?

Answer 6

the ciliary muscle, choroid and iris

Question 7

darkly colored and posterior to the eye

prevents light from dispersing throughout eye

highly vascular and supples blood to other layers of the eye

Answer 7

choroid

Question 8

changes shape of the lens allowing it to focus

Answer 8

ciliary body

Question 9

anterior to the ciliary body that contains a colored part of the eye

controls the amount of light let into the pupil

uses muscle fibers to contract or dilate based on amount of light in environment

Answer 9

iris

Question 10

a hole in the center of the iris

Answer 10

pupil

Question 11

the inner sensory layer includes what?

Answer 11

retina

Question 12

contains 2 photoreceptors called rods and cones

Answer 12

retina

Question 13

cells sensitive to light

Answer 13

photoreceptors

Question 14

operate in bright light

help to see sharp COLORFUL images

Answer 14

cones

Question 15

stimulated in dim light and are more numerous

Answer 15

rods

Question 16

located posterior to iris and pupil

Answer 16

lens

Question 17

chamber filled w/ vitreous fluid

Answer 17

vitreous body

Question 18

helps to hold retina firmly to choroid

Answer 18

vitreous fluid

Question 19

vision pathway

Answer 19

light passes into eye through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor to the posterior surface of the eye on the retina

photoreceptors in retina sign optic nerve on optic chiasm where optic tracts are made and terminate at the LGN

light info continues from thalamaus via optic radiations to primary visual area of occipital lobe to interpret as vision

Question 20

are signaled by photoreceptors in the retina when light comes in to pass to optic chiasam

Answer 20

optic nerve

Question 21

located at the base of the hypothalamus

fibers of the optic nerve cross to the other side when they reach here to form optic tracts

Answer 21

optic chiasm

Question 22

formed when optic nerves cross at optic chiasm

terminate in thalamus at the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Answer 22

optic tracts

Question 23

field closest to the nose

Answer 23

nasal visual field

Question 24

located on later side of eye

Answer 24

peripheral vision field

Question 25

Overlapping information in the nasal visual fields allows for 3-D vision

Answer 25

binocular visual field

Question 26

turns eye mediall

Answer 26

medial rectus

Question 27

turns eye medially innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Answer 27

medial rectus

Question 28

eye medially and elevates it innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Answer 28

superior rectus

Question 29

responsible fo eye elevation, lateral movement and external rotation innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Answer 29

inferior oblique

Question 30

fifth muscle that is controlled by the trochlear nerve responsible for eye depression, lateral movement and internal rotation

Answer 30

superior oblique

Question 31

moves the eye medially and depresses it innervated by the oculomotor nerve

Answer 31

inferior rectus

Question 32

controlled by abducens nerve and turns the eye laterally

Answer 32

lateral rectus

Question 33

lenses that slowly become hardened and cloudy over time make vision look blurry b/c light is unable to enter

Answer 33

cataracts

Question 34

caused by damage to the abducens nerve aka double vision test is look left and right

Answer 34

diplopia

Question 35

consists of the auricle and external acoustic canal (meatus)

Answer 35

external ear

Question 36

shaped to funnel sound waves into the external acoustic canal so that sounds can be detected made of cartilage covered with thin skin

Answer 36

auricle

Question 37

elastic cartilage covering auricle

Answer 37

helix/rim

Question 38

he tunnel between the auricle and tympanic membrane becomes a cylinder through the temporal bone

Answer 38

external acoustic meatus

Question 39

The canal is lined with skin containing hairs and glands that secrete this trap foregin materials and acteria

Answer 39

cerumen (Earwax)

Question 40

inner end of the ear canal ends here a thin membrane of connective tissue whose vibration transmits sound energy to the middle ear

Answer 40

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Question 41

is an air-filled chamber containing the ossicles

Answer 41

middle (tympanic cavity)

Question 42

the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) smalles bones in the body

Answer 42

ossicles

Question 43

receives the vibrations from the eardrum and transfers them along through the incus

Answer 43

malleus

Question 44

conveys vibrations to the inner ear

Answer 44

stapes

Question 45

composed of the bony and membranous labyrinths filled with fluid

Answer 45

inner ear

Question 46

connects to the 3 semicircular canals that house receptors to provide the bodys vestibular system

Answer 46

vestibule

Question 47

equilibrium and balance

Answer 47

vestibular system

Question 48

occurs from damage to the nerve pathway, specifically, the receptor cells or cochlear nerve that transmit them to brain can be partial or complete in one or both ears

Answer 48

nerve deafness

Question 49

occurs from damage to outer or middle ear not complete deafness b/c sound waves can be conducted through cranial bones to organ of Corti i.e buildup of earwax can block sound waves ossicles fuse, decreasing vibrations

Answer 49

conduction deafness

Question 50

Damage to the auditory pathway results in hearing loss can be partial or total

Answer 50

deafness

Question 51

divided into three sections: the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea

Answer 51

bony lambyrinth

Question 52

filled with fluid that contain equilibrium receptors that cause action potentials in response to motion (head movements or rotation) action potentials are sent thorugh vestibular part of cranial nerve 8 contribute to vestibular sense

Answer 52

semicircular canals

Question 53

spiral, bony chamber containing membranous endolymp filled cochlear duct house the organ of corti and terminates at cochlear nerve

Answer 53

cochlea

Question 54

is the sense organ for the auditory system contains the tectorial membrane and tiny hairs called stereocilia

Answer 54

organ of Corti

Question 55

moves and bends stereocilia whne the fluid in the cochlear duct receive vibrations

Answer 55

tectorial membrane

Question 56

moves and bends stereocilia whne the fluid in the cochlear duct receive vibrations

Answer 56

tectorial membrane

Question 57

are bipolar receptor cells found in the olfactory epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity travel through the ethmoid bone in a location called the cribriform plate

Answer 57

olfactory nerves

Question 58

is a special sense and is one of the chemical senses. receptors are activated by airborne chemical substances dissolved in fluid on nasal mucous membranes

Answer 58

smell/olfaction

Question 59

paired masses of gray matter where olfactory nerve axons synapse with other cell bodies of the olfactory pathway

Answer 59

olfactory bulbs

Question 60

formed when axons travel together from the olfactory bulbs carry info to temporal lobes signals are interpreted here in the primary olfaction area as smell

Answer 60

olfactory tracts

Question 61

defined as a combination of a limited number of primary odors that are detectable by the brain.

Answer 61

smell

Question 62

seven primary odors are

Answer 62

floral (roses), ethereal (dry-cleaning fluid), camphorates (mothballs), musky (perfumes), peppermint (mint gum), pungent (vinegar) and putrid (rotten eggs)

Question 63

responsible for the special sense of taste

Answer 63

gustatory system

Question 64

is one of the chemical senses because its receptors are activated by chemical substances dissolved in saliva

Answer 64

taste (Gustation)

Question 65

are inside taste buds mostly on the tongue but are also throughout the mouth and throat

Answer 65

taste receptors

Question 66

responsible for gripping food and repositioning it between the teeth, forming a bolus

Answer 66

tongue

Question 67

compact mass made by food gripped by the tongue

Answer 67

bolus

Question 68

part of the tongue located anteriory

Answer 68

apex

Question 69

attached to the floor of the posterior surface of the mouth.

Answer 69

root

Question 70

located on the inferior surface of the tongue along the midline

Answer 70

frenulum

Question 71

raised bumps on the tongue

Answer 71

papillae

Question 72

3 ypes of papillae that help to grip food on the tongue

Answer 72

circumvallate, fungiform and fiiform

Question 73

contain chemical receptors that are stimulated by the chemical composition of food found on the tongue and wall of pharnyx formed by gustatory cells and supporting cells

Answer 73

taste buds

Question 74

form the bulk of the taste bud and separate the taste receptors cells from one another.

Answer 74

supporting cells

Question 75

are the chemoreceptor cells inside the taste buds each one terminates in a gustatory hair that projects into saliva to detect chemical

Answer 75

gustatory cells

Question 76

serve as stem cells, which divide and differentiate into new supporting cells that then form new gustatory cells.

Answer 76

basal cells

Question 77

as food chemicals contact the gustatory hairs, which generate an action potential in dendrites that are wrapped around the gustatory cells he nerve impulse is carried by afferent fibers through two cranial nerve pairs, the facial nerves, and the glossopharyngeal nerves transmit impulses to thalmaus to the parietal lobe to be interpreted as taste

Answer 77

taste pathway

Question 78

what are the 5 primary tastes:

Answer 78

sweet, sour, salty, bitter savory (umami)

Question 79

loss of smell can also happen in the case of a growing brain tumor that blocks the olfactory pathway

Answer 79

anosmia | sounds like insomnia

Question 80

loss of sensation of taste When the olfactory receptors are obstructed by nasal congestion or other factors, the sensation of taste is dulled or completely lost.

Answer 80

ageusia | think gustatory