Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is meant by double circulation?

Answer 1

Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit

Question 2

What are the two types of circulation\?

Answer 2

Pulmonary Circulation

Systemic Circulation

Question 3

What takes place in the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 3

Deoxygenated blood through right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs where it is oxygenated

Question 4

What takes place in the systemic circulation?

Answer 4

Oxygenated blood into left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - the rest of the body

Question 5

Why is the pulmonary circulation pressure lower than the systemic circulation?

Answer 5

This is due to the difference in the thickness of the heart muscle in the ventricles
Ventricles contract from bottom up

Question 6

What is the difference between the right and left ventricle?

Answer 6

Left Ventricle - thicker and stronger muscular wall

Question 7

What blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

Answer 7

Vena Cava

Question 8

What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body?

Answer 8

Aorta

Question 9

What are the three main types of blood vessel?

Answer 9

Veins
Arteries
Capillaries

Question 10

Describe 3 characteristics of arteries

Answer 10

Thick wall of smooth muscle
Small/ narrow lumen
Numerous elastic fibres

Question 11

What is an arteries main role?

Answer 11

To carry blood away from the heart

Question 12

Where are arteries situated?

Answer 12

Deep inside the body

Question 13

Why do arteries have a narrow lumen?

Answer 13

To maintain high pressure and speed at all times

Question 14

Describe what the smooth muscle in the artery allows for:

Answer 14

Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction

Question 15

What is a veins main role?

Answer 15

To carry blood into the heart

Question 16

What are 3 characteristics of veins?

Answer 16

Large/ wide lumen
Thinner wall of smooth muscle
Contains valves

Question 17

Why do veins contain valves?

Answer 17

To prevent the backflow of blood

Question 18

What is the name for the veins that have been branched off from large veins?

Answer 18

Venules

Question 19

What is the name for the smaller form of arteries?

Answer 19

Arterioles

Question 20

What are capillaries main role?

Answer 20

Contain a large surface area for exchange to take place

Question 21

What are 2 characteristics of capillaries?

Answer 21

One cell thick

Permeable to water and other molecules - nutrients, oxygen can pass through (remove waste products)

Question 22

What are the 4 main chambers of the heart?

Answer 22

Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle

Question 23

What are the 4 main valves?

Answer 23

Tricuspid Valve     (Atrioventricular Valves)
Bicuspid Valve 

Pulmonary Valve  (Semilunar Valves)
Aortic Valve

Question 24

What is the heart?

Answer 24

The heart is myogenic

Question 25

What is meant by myogenic?

Answer 25

It does not rely on the nervous system for stimulation

Question 26

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 26

Atrial Systole Ventricular Systole Diastole

Question 27

What are the 4 parts of the heart involved in heart stimulation?

Answer 27

Sinoatrial Node Atrioventricular Node Bundle of His Purkinje Fibres

Question 28

What is the SA node also known as?

Answer 28

The hearts pacemaker

Question 29

What is atrial systole?

Answer 29

The atria contract - blood is pushed into the ventricle

Question 30

What is ventricular Systole?

Answer 30

Ventricles contract - push blood into the aorta and to the rest of the body

Question 31

What is diastole?

Answer 31

The heart chambers relax - blood flows into the heart

Question 32

What causes the first heart sound?

Answer 32

The atrioventricular valves closing (tricuspid & bicuspid valves)

Question 33

What causes the second heart sound?

Answer 33

The semilunar valves closing (pulmonary & aortic valves)

Question 34

What causes valves to close?

Answer 34

Atrioventricular valves close when - ventricle pressure is higher than atrial pressure Semilunar valves close when - ventricle pressure is higher than atrial pressure

Question 35

Name 4 of the main factors affecting heart rate:

Answer 35

Age Gender Emotional state Temperature

Question 36

What causes thrombosis to occur?

Answer 36

Blood clots and blocks a blood vessel

Question 37

What are the 2 types of thrombosis?

Answer 37

Venous thrombosis (clot blocks a vein) Arterial thrombosis (clot blocks an artery)

Question 38

What is CHD?

Answer 38

Coronary Heart Disease

Question 39

Stages of blood clotting - stage 1

Answer 39

Clotting factors are attracted to the injury

Question 40

Stage 2 of blood clotting

Answer 40

Prothrombin (inactive enzyme) is converted into thrombin (active)

Question 41

Stage 3 of blood clotting:

Answer 41

Thrombin (active) converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble)

Question 42

3 stages of blood clotting:

Answer 42

Damaged blood vessels - triggers release of clotting factors Formation of a platelet plug Fibrin strands form an insoluble clot

Question 43

How is the structure of valves important in allowing them to open/ close?

Answer 43

They contain chordae tendinea (heart strings) allows them to slam shut

Question 44

Describe the structure of haemoglobin:

Answer 44

4 polypeptide chains - quaternary structure

Question 45

What sort of a protein is haemoglobin?

Answer 45

Conjugated protein

Question 46

What is the prosthetic group found in haemoglobin?

Answer 46

haem (iron)

Question 47

How many haem groups does each haemoglobin molecule contain?

Answer 47

4 haem groups

Question 48

How much oxygen can one haem group transport?

Answer 48

One oxygen molecule per haem group

Question 49

How do ventricles contract?

Answer 49

Ventricles contract from the bottom up

Question 50

Why do ventricles contract from the bottom?

Answer 50

To ensure all the blood is squeezed out , so the blood is pushed up and out through the semilunar valves

Question 51

Why is there a slight delay in the contraction of the atrium and ventricle?

Answer 51

The ventricular systole pressure builds up causing the pressure to increase and the valves to slam shut and blood to then move into the semilunar valves

Question 52

How is the heart myogenic?

Answer 52

It does not rely on the nervous system to contract

Question 53

3 advantages of the bohr effect: