Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
The thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the mediastinum
2
Q
What separates the heart from the other mediastinal structures?
A
Pericardium/pericardial sac
3
Q
How many chambers does the heart consist of?
A
Four: left & right atria, left & right ventricles
4
Q
Which chambers act as the primary pumping chambers?
A
The left & right ventricles
5
Q
What are the two main circuits of circulation?
A
Pulmonary circuit: transports blood to and from the lungs so it can pick up oxygen
Systemic circuit: transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
6
Q
What does the right ventricle do?
A
Pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk which bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries, which in turn become the pulmonary capillaries.
7
Q
What is special about pulmonary trunk arteries?
A
They are the only arteries in the post-natal body that carry deoxygenated blood.
8
Q
What is special about pulmonary veins?
A
They are the only post-natal veins that carry oxygenated blood.
9
Q
What path does the oxygenated blood follow after the pulmonary veins?
A
Left atrium - left ventricle - the aorta - the branches of the systemic circuit - systemic capillaries - gas and waste exchange with the body tissues.
10
Q
What path does the deoxygenated blood follow after delivering oxygen through the systemic capillaries?
A
The capillaries become venules - venules become veins - two major systemic veins: superior and inferior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle
11
Q
What is the fibrous pericardium made of?
A
Dense irregular connective tissue
12
Q
What does the serous pericardium consist of?
A
-The parietal pericardium, fused to the fibrous pericardium
-The visceral pericardium/epicardium, fused to the heart (part of the heart wall)
13
Q
Where does the pericardial cavity lie?
A
Between the epicardium and the pericardium
14
Q
What are the three layers of the heart?
A
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
15
Q
What does the outermost layer of the wall of the heart have in common with the innermost layer of the pericardium? What is it also known as?
A
They are the same structure, and is also known as the epicardium or the visceral pericardium
16
Q
What is the middle layer of the heart? Describe its anatomy:
A
-The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart, made mostly of cardiac muscle cells
-Built upon a framework of collagenous fibers that insulate the atria from the ventricles
-The contraction of the myocardium pumps blood through the heart
17
Q
What is the innermost layer of the heart? Describe its anatomy:
A
-The endocardium lines the chambers where the blood circulates
-Made of simple squamous epithelium aka endothelium, continuous with the blood vessels
18
Q
What is pericardial fluid?
A
A pleural fluid that lies in between the visceral and parietal layers of the heart, normally sterile, reduces friction caused by the constant movement of the heart
19
Q
Why is the lumen smaller in the left ventricle?
A
Because the myocardium has to be much thicker to pressurize the blood enough to travel through the systemic circuit
20
Q
What are atrioventricular valves?
A
Valves between the atria and ventricles
21
Q
What are the semilunar valves?
A
Valves at the openings that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta
22
Q
What is the difference between diastole and systole?
A
Diastole = relaxed
Systole = contracted
23
Q
What is the difference between a tricuspid and a bicuspid valve?
A
Tri = three
bi = two
24
Q
What do fluids flow according to?
A
Pressure gradients: from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure
25
What role does pressure play in the circulation of blood?
-during diastole the blood will flow into the atria from the veins (high to low pressure)
-the pressure in the atria rises during atrial systole and the blood moves into the ventricles (lower pressure)
-during ventricular systole the pressure rises and the blood flows into the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle and into the aorta from the left
26
What are arteries and what is their purpose?
-Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
-Branch until their smallest form, arterioles
-Arterioles deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues
27
What are veins and what is their purpose?
Veins are lower pressure vessels than arteries, and carry deoxygenated blood and other waste materials to the heart and lungs
28
What is the lumen of blood vessels?
The hollow passageway through which blood flows
29
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
Inner: tunica intima
Middle: tunica media
Outer: tunica externa/adventitia
30
What are the three layers of an artery comprised of?
Tunica intima: endothelium, internal elastic membrane
Tunica media: smooth muscle, elastic fiber
Tunica externa: external elastic membrane, vasa vasorum, nervi vasorum
31
What are the three layers of a vein comprised of?
Tunica intima: endothelium
Tunica media: smooth muscle
Tunica externa: vasa vasorum and smooth muscle
32
What is the vasa vasorum?
a network of smaller blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, like elastic arteries and large veins
33
Why do veins in the outer limbs of the body have valves?
Being so far from the heart means the blood pressure is a lot lower, so the valves prevent the blood from flowing in the wrong direction, due to gravity or other factors
34
What is one of the primary causes of clot formation in blood vessels?
Damage to the endothelial lining exposing the blood to the collagenous fibers beneath
35
What is next to the endothelial tissue in blood vessels and what is its purpose?
-The basement membrane or basal lamina
-Binds the endothelium to the connective tissue
-Provides strength while maintaining flexibility
-Allows materials to pass through it
36
What type of connective tissue does the thin outer layer of the tunica intima contain?
Areolar tissue consisting primarily of elastic fibers for flexibility and collagenous fibers for strength
37
What are the valves in the veins of the outer limbs made of?
Sections of thickened endothelium reinforced with connective tissue
38
What is the thickest layer in arteries that is also much thicker in arteries than it is in veins?
The tunica media
39
What is the thickest layer in veins that is also usually thicker in veins than in arteries?
The tunica externa, aka the tunica adventitia
40
Describe the general purpose and anatomy of capillaries:
-Capillaries supply blood to the tissues through perfusion
-Walls are made of endothelial tissue surrounded by a basement membrane and occasionally smooth fibers
-Must allow substances to pass through them
41
What are the three major types of capillaries?
-Continuous
-Fenestrated
-Sinusoidal
42
What are continuous capillaries?
-The most common
-Complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells
-Ones not associated with the brain are rich in transport vesicles and contribute to either endocytosis or exocytosis
43
What are fenestrated capillaries?
-Contain fenestrations in addition to tight junctions in the endothelial lining
-Permeable to larger molecules
-Common in the small intestine and kidneys
44
What are sinusoid capillaries?
-Least common
-Flattened
-Extensive intercellular gaps
-Incomplete basement membranes
-Large openings allow for largest molecules (including plasma proteins and even cells)
-Found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, many endocrine glands
44
What is plasma?
-90% water
-10% dissolved proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, lipids, vitamins
-Significant elements are albumin, immunoglobulins (antibodies) and fibrinogen
45
What is serum?
-Plasma without clotting factors
-Formed when blood is collected and induced to clot
-The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin forms strands that trap all cellular elements
46
What are formed elements?
-Comprise 45% of blood volume
-99% RBC (red blood cells)
-Rest is WBC (white blood cells) and platelets
47
What are red blood cells?
-Carry hemoglobin
-An RBC circulates for about 120 days before being removed by the liver, bone marrow, or spleen
48
What are white blood cells?
-Protect the body against infection
-Most are in the peripheral tissues and lymphatic system at any given time
-Five types
49
What are the five types of WBC?
-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
-Monocytes
-Lymphocytes
50
What are platelets?
-Created in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes
-Each one remains in circulation for 9-12 days
-Also called thrombocytes
51
What is hemostasis?
-The processes by which blood vessels are repaired after injury
52
What are the four phases of hemostasis?
-Vascular
-Platelet
-Coagulation
-Fibrinolysis
53
What is the vascular phase of hemostasis?
-Rupture of a blood vessel causes vascular spasm
(contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessel)
-Reduces the diameter of the vessel, reducing blood loss
-Lasts about 30 minutes
54
What is the platelet phase of hemostasis?
-Aggregating platelets are activated
-Releasing factors that promote fibrin accumulation
-Combination of the vascular and platelet phase called primary hemostasis
-Exposure of materials beneath endothelial lining causes platelets to stick to the endothelial cells (adhesion)
55
What is the coagulation phase of hemostasis?
-Cascade of enzymes and factors that result in a blood clot
56
What is the fibrinolysis phase of hemostasis?
-Controlled by plasmin
-As the wound is closed and tissue repair commences, fibrin itself is broken down slowly
57
What does angi/o mean?
Vessel
58
What does aort/o mean?
Aorta
59
What does arteri/o mean?
Artery
60
What does arteriol/o mean?
Arteriole
61
What does cardi/o mean?
Heart
62
What does coron/o mean?
Heart
63
What does phleb/o mean?
Vein
64
What does ven/o mean?
Vein
65
What does venul/o mean?
Venule
66
What is an aneurysm?
Local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall or breakdown of the wall from atherosclerosis
67
What is angina?
Chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to the heart muscle, aka angina pectoris (pect/o meaning chest)
68
What is arrhythmia?
Abnormal heartbeat rhythm, e.g. fibrillation or flutter
69
What is artherosclerosis?
Hardening of arteries with a collection of cholesterol-like plaque
70
What is congestive heart failure?
Inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood, blood accumulates in the lungs, causing pulmonary edema
71
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
Essential hypertension is without apparent cause
Secondary is caused by another illness
72
What is myocardial infarction?
Heart attack (an infarct is an area of necrotic tissue)
73
What is shock?
A group of symptoms (paleness, weak pulse, shallow breathing) indicating poor oxygen supply to tissues and insufficient return of blood flow to the heart
74
What is an angiography?
Recording via x-ray blood vessels after the injection of contrast into the blood stream
75
What is cardiac catheterization?
Introducing a catheter into a coronary blood vessel to measure pressure and flow patterns
76
What are cardiac enzyme tests?
Measurements of enzymes released into the blood stream after an MI
77
What is a doppler ultrasound?
Measuring blood flow in vessels via sound waves
78
What is echocardiography?
Images of the heart produced using sound waves
79
What is electrocardiography?
Recording electricity flowing through the heart
80
What is holter monitoring?
Detection of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that involves having the patient wear a compact version of an electrocardiograph for 24 hours
81
What are lipid tests?
Measurements of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood
82
What are lipoprotein tests?
Measurements of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood
83
What is magnetic resonance imaging?
Producing an image by beaming magnetic waves at the heart to give detailed information about congenital heart disease, cardiac masses, and large blood vessel diseases
84
What is a MUGA scan?
Imaging the motion of the heart wall muscles and assessing the function of the heart via a multiple-gated acquisition scan, which uses radioactive chemicals
85
What is positron emission tomography?
A PET scan is radioactive particles injected into the blood stream and into the heart to acquire cross-sectional images of the flow of blood and functional activity of the heart
86
What is a stress test?
An electrocardiogram + blood pressure + heart rate measurements showing the heart's response to physical exertion using a treadmill
87
What is a technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan?
A radioactive pharmaceutical is injected intravenously to show perfusion of blood in the heart muscle. It is taken up in the area of an MI producing "hot spots"
88
What is a thallium-201 scan?
A radioactive test that shows where injected thallium-201 (radioactive substance) localizes in the heart muscle
89
What is a cardiac catheter ablation?
Flexible tube threaded through blood vessels into the heart to destroy (ablate) abnormal tissue causing arrhythmias
90
What is cardioversion?
Brief discharges of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia, aka defibrillation
91
What is coronary artery bypass grafting?
A CABG is when vessels are taken from the patient's legs or chest and connected to coronary arteries to make detours around blockages
92
What is an endarterectomy?
Surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery to remove fatty deposits and clots
93
What is a heart transplant?
A donor heart is transferred to a patient whose own heart cannot sustain them
94
What is percutaneous coronary intervention?
PCI is a balloon-tipped catheter threaded into a coronary artery to compress fatty deposits and open the artery. Stents create wider openings that make the recurrence of blockages less likely
95
What is thrombolytic therapy?
Drugs such as tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) and streptokinase are injected into a patient's bloodstream to dissolve clots that may cause a heart attack
96
What does ACS stand for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
97
What does AED stand for?
Automated External Defibrillator
98
What does AMI stand for?
Acute Myocardial Infarction
99
What does BP stand for?
Blood pressure
100
What does CABG stand for?
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
101
What does CAD stand for?
Coronary Artery Disease
102
What does CCU stand for?
Coronary Care Unit
103
What does CHF stand for?
Congestive Heart Failure
104
What does CPR stand for?
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
105
What does ECG stand for?
Electrocardiography
106
What does ECHO mean?
Echocardiography
107
What does HDL stand for?
High-Density Lipoprotein
108
What does HTN stand for?
Hypertension
109
What does ICD stand for?
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
110
What does LDL stand for?
Low-Density Lipoprotein
111
What does PCI stand for?
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
112
What type of tissue is shown in this image?
Cardiac muscle (cardiac myocytes)
113
What is being pointed to in this image?
Intercalated disks
114
What is this an image of?
Elastic artery
115
What does this image depict?
The tunica intima of an elastic artery
116
What does this image depict?
Tunica media of an elastic artery
117
What does this image depict?
Tunica adventitia of an elastic artery
118
What is this an image of?
Large vein
119
What does this image depict?
Tunica intima of a large vein
120
What is depicted in this image?
The small tunica media of a large vein
121
What is depicted in this image?
Tunica adventitia of a large vein
122
What does this image depict?
Top: muscular (distributing) artery
Bottom: medium vein (companion to the muscular artery, fewer distinct layers)
123
What does this image depict?
Vein valve
124
What is depicted in this image?
Sinusoid capillaries
125
Name the cell depicted here:
RBC
126
Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):
Platelets
127
Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):
Neutrophil
128
Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):
Eosinophil
129
Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):
Basophil
130
Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):
Lymphocyte (large)
131
Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):
Lymphocyte (small)
132
Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):
Monocyte
133
What is the function of neutrophils?
-As phagocytes, they attack and digest bacteria
-Usually the first WBC on the scene of an infection
-Lifespan of only 3-4 days
134
What is the function of eosinophils?
-Phagocytic
-Target parasites and antibody-labeled foreign molecules rather than cells
135
What is the function of basophils?
-Phagocytic
-Release histamine
-Produce heparin
-Increased basophils can indicate leukemia
136
What is the function of lymphocytes?
-Mostly reside in lymph nodes
-Circulate between lymphatic and circulatory systems
-Include B cells (produce antibodies)
-Include natural killer (NK) cells (destroy foreign and infected cells)
-Include T cells (control cellular immunity)
137
What is the function of monocytes?
-Large phagocytic cells
-Pass from the circulatory system to the peripheral tissues
-Then transform into macrophages and act as roving sentries
-Signal to activate B cells to create antibodies
138
What is the function of platelets?
-Also called thrombocytes
-Play a critical role in blood coagulation
