Endocrine System Flashcards by Andie Zupan

Name the origin, destination, and control of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

-Anterior Pituitary
-Thyroid
-Stimulate production of T4 and T3

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

-Anterior pituitary
-Adrenal cortex
-Cortisol secretion

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

-Anterior pituitary
-Ovaries/testes
-Ovarian follicle growth & spermatogenesis

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Luteinizing Hormone

-Anterior pituitary
-Ovaries/testes
-Ovulation/testosterone secretion

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Growth Hormone

-Anterior pituitary
-All tissues
-Growth/carbohydrate, protein, & fat metabolism

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Prolactin

-Anterior pituitary
-Mammary gland
-Milk secretion

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Anti-Diuretic Hormone

-Posterior pituitary
-Kidneys
-Water retention/blood pressure

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Oxytocin

-Posterior pituitary
-Uterine smooth muscle & mammary gland
-Uterine contractions/milk release

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Thyroxine (T3 & T4)

-Thyroid
-Most tissues
-Metabolic rate/growth/development

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Calcitonin

-Thyroid
-Bone
-Lower plasma calcium and phosphate

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Parathormone

-Parathyroid
-Bone/kidneys/intestine
-Elevate plasma calcium and phosphate

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone

-Adrenal cortex
-All tissues
-Metabolism/response to stress and exercise

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Aldosterone

-Adrenal cortex
-Kidneys
-Sodium, potassium, and pH balance

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Epinephrine/Norepinephrine/Adrenaline

-Adrenal medulla
-All tissues
-Metabolism/heart rate & output/response to stress and exercise

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Insulin

-Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans/beta cells)
-Muscle and liver
-Lowering blood sugar

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Glucagon

-Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans/alpha cells)
-Liver
-Elevating blood sugar

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Testosterone

-Testes
-Reproductive organs
-Reproductive development/behaviour

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Estrogen

-Ovaries
-Reproductive organs
-Reproductive development and behaviour

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Progesterone

-Ovaries
-Uterus
-Uterine condition

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Melatonin

-Pineal gland
-Various tissues
-Circadian rhythm, reproduction

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Name the origin, destination, and control of Thymosin

-Thymus
-T-lymphocytes
-Immune responses

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What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

-Exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface
-Endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream

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Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:

Drop in BP triggers JGA to secrete renin
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) in lung capillaries converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin II circulates to adrenal cortex and triggers secretion of aldosterone
Aldosterone causes kidney to retain sodium and water, increasing BP

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What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

-Zona glomerulosa (secretes mineralocorticoids)
-Zona fasciculata (secretes glucocorticoids)
-Zona reticularis (secretes gonadocorticoids)

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What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called?

Islets of Langerhans

What are the five primary types of endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets?

1. alpha cells (secrete glucagon) 2. beta cells (secrete insulin) 3. delta cells (secrete somatostatin) 4. epsilon cells (secrete ghrelin) 5. pancreatic polypeptide cells (secrete pancreatic polypeptide)

How does a healthy body regulate low blood sugar?

-Low blood sugar detected -Increased glucagon production by alpha cells -Decreased insulin production by beta cells -Glucose release by liver increases -Glucose uptake by cells decreases -Glucose levels in blood increase

How does a healthy body regulate high blood sugar?

-High blood sugar detected -Increased insulin production by beta cells -Decreased glucagon production by alpha cells -Glucose uptake by cells increases -Glucose release by liver decreases -Glucose levels in blood decrease

What does adren/o and adrenal/o mean?

Adrenal gland

What does hypophys/o mean?

Pituitary gland

What does oophor/o and ovari/o mean?

Ovary

What does orch/o and orchid/o mean?

Testes

What does pancreat/o mean?

Pancreas

What does parathyroid/o mean?

Parathyroid gland

What does pituitary/o mean?

Pituitary gland

What does thyroaden/o and thyroid/o mean?

Thyroid gland

What is acromegaly?

Enlargement of extremities caused by hypersecretion from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland after puberty

What is Cushing syndrome?

Group of clinical features produced by excess secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, including obesity, moon-face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis

What is diabetes mellitus?

Disorder of the pancreas that causes hyperglycemia. Type I onsets in childhood and is characterized by a complete deficiency of insulin. Type II onsets in adulthood and is a deficiency/resistance to insulin

What is a goiter?

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

What is hyperthyroidism?

Overactivity of the thyroid gland

What is exophthalmometry?

Measurement of eyeball protrusion (exophthalmos) as an indicator of hyperthyroidism

What is a fasting blood sugar test?

Measurement of glucose levels in a blood sample taken from a fasting patient, and in specimens taken 30min, 1hr, 2hr, and 3hr after ingesting 75g of glucose

What is radioactive iodine uptake?

Measurement of how much of a radioactive element (iodine) is absorbed by the thyroid gland

What is serum and urine tests?

Measurement of hormones, electrolytes (eg K and Na) and glucose levels in serum and urine as indicators of endocrine function

What is thyroid function tests?

Measurement of levels of T4, T3, and TSH in the bloodstream

What is thyroid scan?

An intravenously intaken radioactive element localizes in the thyroid gland and a scanning device reveals any tumors or nodules

What does ACTH mean?

AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone

What does DM mean?

Diabetes Mellitus