Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
F=
A
delta P /R
2
Q
R =
A
8Ln/pir^4
3
Q
EF= ejection fraction
A
SV/EDV
4
Q
SV= and typical value
A
EDV-ESV, 70-75 mL
5
Q
CO=
A
HR x SV
6
Q
MAP =
A
CO x TPR cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
7
Q
PP =
A
SP-DP
8
Q
to have flow
A
delta P > R
9
Q
Hydrostatic pressure
A
pressure the volume of blood that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels
10
Q
Hemodynamics
A
it is the difference in pressure that creates flow, no change in pressure means no flow
11
Q
What factors determine resistance
A
viscosity, length and diameter of blood vessel
12
Q
hematocrit
A
number of RBC in blood
13
Q
what factor has the greatest effect on blood resistance
A
radius
14
Q
functions of cardiovascular system
A
deliver O2 and remove waste products
fast chemical signalling
thermoregulation
inflammatory and host defense
15
Q
Components of Cardiovascular System
A
heart, blood vessels, blood
16
Q
Arterioles
A
small branching vessels with high resistance
17
Q
capillaires
A
transport of blood from small arteries and veins
18
Q
Arteries
A
carry blood away from heart
19
Q
Veins
A
carry blood toward heart
20
Q
Atria
A
thin walled, low pressure, receive blood
21
Q
Ventricles
A
thick walled, forward propulsion
22
Q
Apex
A
lowest superficial surface of the heart
23
Q
Septa
A
interatrial wall separates atriums
interventricular wall separates ventricles
23
Q
left side
A
pumps oxygenated blood to systemic circuit
24
right side
pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circuit
25
pulmonary circuit
deoxygenated blood enters lungs and leaves oxygenated
26
systemic circuit
oxygenated blood enters muscles and leaves deoxygenated
27
Blood Cycle
oxygenated blood leaves lungs and enters blood through pulmonary vein into left atrium, AV valve, left ventricle, aortic valve to aorta to body, deoxygenated blood comes to vena cava through veins into the right atrium, right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery to lungs
28
exception to the parallel flow
liver
29
Pericardium
fibrous sac surrounding hearts and roots of vessels, stabilizes the heart, protection , reduce friction, limits overfilling
30
fibrous pericardium
outer layer, holds chest in place, limits space
31
pariteal pericardium
middle layer
32
visceral pericardium
innermost layer, contact with heart muscle also the epicardium
33
Pericardial activity
separates pariteal and visceral, decreasing friction with fluids
34
serous layer
secretes fluid
35
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium leading to fluid accumulation
36
cardiac tamponade
compression of heart chambers from accumulation of fluid, limits space and less blood can fill up
37
ventricular walls
increased thickness allows higher pressure to be built in left, right only pumps to lungs
38
ventricles have a thicker _____ than the atria
myocardium
39
which has a thicker myocardium? left or right?
left ventricle
40
myocyte
y shaped, joined longitudinally by intercalated disks, striated, 1 nucleus, mito rich
41
desmosomes
cadherins attach to each other, plaques, intermediate filaments, hold when stretched
42
gap junctions
connexons help communicate electrically through ions, important for AP
43
left AV valve
mitral or bicuspid
44
right AV valve
tricuspid
45
aortic valve
valve between left ventricle arota
46
pulmonary valve
right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
47
function of valves
ensure unidirectional flow, open and close passively from pressure
48
what is happening when the valve is in a closed position
papillary muscles have contracted pulling on the chordae tendinae that become tight and close the cusps
DO NOT CLOSE OR OPEN THAT IS PASSIVE
49
semilunar valves
open and close from pressure difference no muscles involved
50
coronary arteries
arteries supplying the blood
51
coronary veins
drain into the coronary sinus
52
coronary sinus
collection of veins that collects deoxygenated from myocardium and empties into right ventricle
53
systole
left and right ventricles contract and eject blood, flow almost ceases
54
diastole
ventricles are relaxed not moving, flow peaks and blood filling
55
atheroscerlosis
buildup of plaque and diameter of arteries narrows increasing resistance
56
angina
plaque on coronary artery
57
myocardial infarction
heart attack, plaques completely block
58
contractile cells
perform mechanical work of pumping blood, do not initiate own AP
59
conducting cells
initiate and conduct AP, electrical contact through gap junctions
60
cardiac skeleton
non conducting, AP will NOT pass through it
61
sinoatrial node
pacemaker, initiates AP setting heart rate,
62
atrioventricular node
100 msec delay, delay ensures that atria depolarize before ventricles
63
Purkinje fibres
diffuse distribution of stimulus for fast conduction
64
conduction of the heart
SA node to internodal to AV node to Bundle of HIS to right and left bundles branches to Purkinje to ventricular myocardium
65
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
bypass of AV node through accessory pathway, causing tachycardia
66
where does lymph flow
right atrium
67
true or false: lymphatic capillaries closed ended
true
68
compliance
the ability of a vessel to swell with increasing transmural pressure
69
systolic
maximum arterial pressure reached at peak ventricular ejection
70
diastole
the maximum arterial pressure reached just before ventricular ejection
71
arterial pressure calculation
SP/DP
72
MAP
pressure driving blood into tissues
73
MAP decreases as ...
distance from heart increases
74
pulsatile
blood pressure is maximal during systole and minimal during diastole
75
largest drop in pressure occurs in and why
arterioles, very small radius and highest resistance
76
short term regulation of MAP
seconds to hours, baroreceptors, adjusts by ANS
77
long term regulation
adjust blood volume, restore normal salt levels by urine and thirst
78
arterial baroreceptors
mechanoreceptors that detect changes in blood pressure when walls of vessel stretch or relax
79
the rate of what is directly proportional to MAP
rate of discharge of carotid sinus receptor
80
when there is an increase in MAP what happens
increase in pressure leads to increase in baroreceptors that signal medullary cardiovascular center to decrease sympathetic activity and increase parasympathetic activity
81
fast action potentials
contractile myocytes in atrial and ventricular myocardium, bundle branches, bundle of his, purkinje fibres
82
slow AP
conducting myocytes in sinoatrial and atrioventicular nodes
83
phases of slow AP
pacemaker potential, depolarization, repolarization
84
pacemaker potential
gradual depolarization of membrane potential to threshold
85
P wave
depolarization of atria
86
QRS complex
3 peaks, depolarization of ventricles, atria repolarize
87
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
88
what is happening in the heart if every second P wave there is no QRS complex?
partial AV node block, atria to ventricle
89
what do you see in a ECG if there a complete AV block
there is no synchrony
90
T-tubules
invaginations of sarcolemma, mostly L type channels
91
remember process with ryanodine receptors
KNOW THIS WELL MENTIONED LIKE 400 TIMES
92
2 main things that remove Ca2+
Na-Ca exchanger, ATPase
93
Refractory period
during and after an action potential which an excitable membrane cannot be excited
94
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
when ventricles contract all valves close and blood volume remains the same so the pressure builds
95
ventricular ejection phase
pressure in ventricles is greater than arteries so when the valves open, blood ejects into artery
96
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected during systole, all blood is not ejected
97
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
all heart valves are closed, blood volume is constant and pressures drop
98
passive ventricular filling
AV valves open, blood flows into ventricles from atria passively both atria and ventricles are relaxed but atria are full of blood so they have a higher pressure
99
atrial contraction
completes ventricular filling
100
why do you hear lub and what phase is it?
AV valves closing , isovolumetric contraction
101
Dub is what in what phase
sound is semilunar valves closing, ventricular diastole
102
stentotic valve
valve does not completely open, narrow opening
103
insuffienciency
valve does not completely close
104
how do you increase heart rate
increase epinephrine release and decrease ach release
105
3 factors affecting stroke volume
EDV preload, contractibility, afterload
106
how do we fill ventricles with more blood
increase venous return
107
frank starling mechanism
increase EDV increases SV, matches output
108
continuous capillaries
complete with tight junctions bw cells, lowest permeabilities
109
fenestrated capillaires
pores penetrate lining, rapid exchange of water
110
sinusoidal capillaries
large gaps, membrane thin or absent
111
bulk flow
movement of protein free plasma across capillary wall
112
what results in complete ejection of end diastolic volume?
sympathetic stimulation
113
afterload increases, SV .....
decreases
114
elastic arteries
elastic fibers and few muscle cells, aorta and trunk
115
muscular arteries
many smooth muscle cells, few elastic fibers
116
extrinsic factors for basal tone
external to organ/tissue and alter whole body eg.MAP, nerves, hormones
117
intrinsic factors
local controls independent of nerves and hormones
118
active hyperemia
local control that acts to increase blood flow when metabolic activity increases
119
flow autoregulation
locally mediated changes to arterial resistance
