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Physiology 210 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

phonation

A

passage through vocal cords allowing speech formation

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2
Q

air flow passage

A

larynx, trachea, 2 primary bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

trachea and primary bronchi

A

c shaped cartilage anterior, smooth muscle posterior

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4
Q

broncnioles

A

smooth muscle only

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5
Q

conducting zone

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiloles NO ALVEOLI

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6
Q

respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveoli ducts and sacs AIR EXCHANGE

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7
Q

tracheobronchial tree

A

each part is called a generation, 0 (trachea)-23 (alveoli), diameter and length decrease downwards, number of branches and SA increases downwards

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8
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A

flat epithelial cells, surfactant, susceptible to toxins

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9
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A

produce surfactant, progenitor cells for type 1

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10
Q

surfactant

A

reduces surface tension of water, increasing lung compliance so they can expand easier

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11
Q

respiratory membrane

A

type 1 AC and pulmonary capillary endothelial cells

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12
Q

pneumocyte

A

type 1 and 2 AC

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13
Q

steps of respiration

A
  1. ventilation bulk flow
  2. exchange of gases in lungs diffusion
  3. transport of gases bulk flow
  4. exchange in tissue diffusion
  5. cells use gas
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14
Q

how is ventilation produced

A
  1. CNS sends drive to respiratory muscles
  2. contract in organized pattern
  3. changes in volume and pressure occur
  4. air flows in and out
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15
Q

inspiratory main muscle

A

diaphragm

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16
Q

airway muscles

A

keep upper airways open

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17
Q

accessory muscles

A

exercising, increased metabolic drive

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18
Q

diaphragm overall effect

A

increase thoracic volume

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19
Q

bucket handle motion

A

contraction of external intercostal muscles, lateral volume increase

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20
Q

parasternal intercostals

A

increase anterior posterior dimension of ribcage, pump handle motion

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21
Q

excitatory pump muscles are active when..

A

not in passive breathing, only in effort, cough, stress, exercise

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22
Q

internal intercostal mucles

A

pull ribcage down, reducing volume during excercise, return lungs to resting position

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23
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

upper respiratory muscles depressed, become floppy muscles and block airflow

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24
Q

filters

A

goblet cells and ciliary cells

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25
SOL layer
periciliary fluid on top of ciliated cells
26
cilia movement direction
upwards near trachea and downwards near nasopharynx
27
macrophages
last defence for particles in alveoli
28
particulates in alveoli, what happens to them
macrophages phagocytose, silica and asbestos disintegrate macro releasing chemotactic factors recruiting fibroblasts, introducing collagen that stiffens the lungs
29
spirometry
pulmonary function test that tests amount and rate of air going and out
30
tidal volume
volume of air in or out in 1 breath
31
expiratory reserve volume
additional volume forcibly exhaled after expiration
32
inspiratory reserve volume
additional volume of air that can b forcible inhaled after inspiration
33
residual volume, formula
air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration, FRC - ERV
34
capacities
sum of 2 or more lung volumes
35
vital capacity
maximal air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiration
36
inspiratory capacity
maximal volume that can be forcibly inhaled
37
functional residual capacity
volume of air remaining after normal expiration
38
Total lung capacity
amount of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration
39
TV =
500 mL
40
total / minute
tidal volume x respiratory frequency, 7.5
41
alveolar ventilation
subtract 150 mL from tidal volume 500 mL (dead space) and multiply by 15/min, 5.25
42
Obstructive pattern
expiration problem, high amount of air still in lungs, FEV1 reduced
43
restrictive pattern
lungs cannot full be filled with air, FVC and FEV1 reduced, ratio of both be similar to normal person but volume is reduced
44
helium dilution method
measures functional residual capacity
45
static properties
mechanical properties when no air is flowing
46
dynamic properties
mechanical properties when air volume is changing
47
ventilation
exchange of air between alveoli and atmosphere, occurs by change in pressure and moves in bulk flow
48
boyles law
for ideal gas at fixed amount and temperature, the pressure and volume are inversely proportional
49
gas travels from
high pressure to low pressure, atmosphere to alveoli
50
flow =
change in pressure over resistance
51
what kind of pressure acts as a relative volume
intra pleural pressure, always negative
52
Inspiration flowchart
CNS makes diaphragm and intercostal muscle contract, thorax expands, Pip becomes subatmopsheric, transpulomary pressure goes up, lungs expand, Palv become sub atmospheric, air flows into alveoli
53
expiration
intercostals stop contracting, chest wall recoils, Pip goes back, transpulmonary pressure back down, lungs recoil, air compresses, P alv greater than P atm, air flows out
54
friction forces
bw alveolar sacs, lung and chest wall, airflow in airway
55
airflow resistance is sensitive to
radius changes
56
laminar flow and turbulent flow
linear and wonky in larger airways
57
transitional flow
in the bronchial branches
58
when is resistance lowest
in the small always near the end
59
airways in series
resistance is the sum of all different resistance
60
airways in parallel
inverse, thats why its minimal
61
small airways are easily occluded by
smooth muscle, edema, mucus
62
static compliance
elastic properties of lungs when no air is flowing through
63
pulmonary fibrosis
lung compliance low, overproduction of collagen
64
emphysema
lung compliance is high, floppy lungs less SA, elastin gone,
65
dynamic compliance
reflects lung stiffness and airway resistance, less than or equal to static compliance
66
hysteresis
difference between inflation and deflation compliance path,
67
elastin vs. collagen
elastin is weak and springy while collagen is like twine with high tensile strength
68
with age, does lung compliance increase or decrease
Increase as elastin and collagen goes down
69
what does water surface tension do
creates inward recoil leading alveoli to collapse, decreases the volume of compressible gas
70
Laplace equation
P = 2T/r
71
at equilibrium the tendency of increased pressure...
wants to expand balances the needs of surface tension to collapse
72
surfactant is produced by
type 2 alveolar cells
73
surfactant in smaller or larger cells
smaller cells closer together T small, larger cells further apart T is large
74
intra pleural pressure in -/+
more negative at the top
75
which zone has the greatest and lowest ventilation
greatest in lowest, lowest in upper zone
76
DALTON
total pressure is a sum of individual pressures
77
Fick
the rate of transfer of a gas is proportional to the surface area of a membrane and depends on difference in partial pressures or inversely proportionate to thickness
78
Henry
the amount of gas dissolved in liquid is directly proportional to partial pressure of gas in which the liquid is in equilibrium
79
how do partial pressures change in the alveoli
partial pressure of oxygen reduces and partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases
80
determinants of alveolar PO2
atmosphere, alveolar ventilation, metabolic rate, lung perfusion (cardiac output),
81
ventilation increases
oxygen pressure
82
alveolar capillaries are
collapsible, close off when pressure falls below alveolar pressure diverting blood elsewhere
83
ventilation/perfusion ratio
balance bw ventilation (O adding CO removing) and perfusion (CO adding and O removing)
84
what does a low V/Q ratio mean
airway obstruction
85
perfusion is higher
at the base of the lung
86
at the top of the lung the ideal ratio is
3X
87
CO binding to Hb shifts the curve
left
88
if O/Hb curves moves right
affinity is reduced, more unloading
89
what makes the O/Hb curve go right
DPG, increase in CO2 pressure, increase in temp, pH decrease (lower number)
90
pH and Hb
lower pH means more unloading
91
PreBotC
group of neurons in ventral reparatory group, excites inspiratory
92
pFRG
excites expiratory muscles
93
type 1 glomus cells
chemosensitive, drive response and change ventilation, fire when PO2 decreases
94
type 2 sustenacular cells
supporting cells
95
lactic acid accumulation
peripheral chemoreceptors, hyperventilation

Physiology 210 (4 decks)

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