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Human Biology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Which chamber of the heart delivers blood to the systemic circulation?

A

The left chamber

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2
Q

What chamber of the heart transports blood to the lungs?

A

The right chamber

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3
Q

Oxygenated/deoxygenated blood returns to the RHS of the heart

A

Deoxygenated

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4
Q

Name the upper chamber of the heart

A

Atrium

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5
Q

Name the lower chamber of the heart

A

Ventricle

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6
Q

The superior vena cava returns blood from…

A

Head & neck region, arms & chest

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7
Q

The inferior vena cava returns blood from…

A

The organs below the heart, legs & feet

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8
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange

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9
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary vein?

A

It brings oxygenated blood back to the left atrium of the heart

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10
Q

Describe the pericardium

A

A multilayered sac with an outer fibrous covering with an inner secretory lining

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11
Q

The fibrous portion of the pericardium is composed of…

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

The inner serous/secretory lining of the pericardium is composed of…

A

Thin connective tissue

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13
Q

What is the inner lining of the ventricles called?

A

Trabeculae

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14
Q

Describe the microscopic features of myocardial cells

A

They are multinucleated, branched and elongated cells

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15
Q

What three types of cell junctions exist in intercalated discs?

A

Fascia adherens, desmosomes/macula adherens & gap junctions

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16
Q

What node initiates an action potential to generate electrical impulses and where is it located?

A

The sinoatrial (SA) node
Located in the upper right atrium

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17
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

It receives the impulse from the SA node and delivers it to the AV bundles/bundles of His

18
Q

What happens when the Purkinje fibres receive electrical impulses?

A

The ventricles contract

19
Q

The endothelium is…

A

The epithelial lining of blood, lymph vessels and the heart

20
Q

Which side of the heart has a bicuspid valve?

A

The LHS

21
Q

What happens when the atrioventricular (AV) valves close?

A

Contraction of the ventricles

22
Q

Baroreceptors detect…

A

Stretch

23
Q

How is blood pressure maintained by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system reduced heart rate & force of atrial contraction

24
Q

Describe the role of autorhythmic cells in the heart

A

They are responsible for depolarisation to threshold potential without neural input

25
Q

Sistole refers to…

A

The contraction of the ventricles, leading to ejection of blood

26
Q

Diastole refers to…

A

Relaxation of the heart - where the ventricles fill with blood

27
Q

List the three main structural differences between veins and arteries

A

Veins lack elastic laminae, have valves and have a wider lumen

28
Q

What is the role of the metaarteriole?

A

It diverts blood to the dermis by closing blood supply to the capillary bed

29
Q

How does baroreceptor firing rate change to increase BP?

A

Baroreceptor firing rate decreases

30
Q

Name the too blood pressure sensors

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

31
Q

What happens when the beta 2 receptor is stimulated?

A

It decreases blood pressure by decreasing TPR

32
Q

What hormone stimulates beta 1 adrenergic receptors?

A

Adrenaline

33
Q

What happens when beta 1 receptors are stimulated?

A

Heart rate increases.
Vasoconstriction.

34
Q

What organ is a major blood pressure sensor?

A

Kidneys

35
Q

Why is there an action potential delay when it reaches the AV node?

A

Different structure to SA node.
Allows ventricles to fill with blood from atria.

36
Q

What is the role of autorhythmic cells?

A

They depolarise to threshold without neural imput through repeated AP generation

37
Q

What two ion channels open during the pacemaker potential?

A

Na funny channels and T-type Ca channels

38
Q

The intake of what ion causes the restoration of the membrane potential in autorhythmic fibres?

A

K ions (potassium)

39
Q

Preload refers to…

A

The stretch of the heart walls at the end of diastole (heart relaxes)

40
Q

Afterload refers to…

A

Ventricular contraction at the end of systole. Pressure in pulmonary trunk is overcome before blood ejection

Human Biology (9 decks)

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