Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Which chamber of the heart delivers blood to the systemic circulation?

Answer 1

The left chamber

Question 2

What chamber of the heart transports blood to the lungs?

Answer 2

The right chamber

Question 3

Oxygenated/deoxygenated blood returns to the RHS of the heart

Answer 3

Deoxygenated

Question 4

Name the upper chamber of the heart

Answer 4

Atrium

Question 5

Name the lower chamber of the heart

Answer 5

Ventricle

Question 6

The superior vena cava returns blood from…

Answer 6

Head & neck region, arms & chest

Question 7

The inferior vena cava returns blood from…

Answer 7

The organs below the heart, legs & feet

Question 8

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

Answer 8

It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange

Question 9

What is the role of the pulmonary vein?

Answer 9

It brings oxygenated blood back to the left atrium of the heart

Question 10

Describe the pericardium

Answer 10

A multilayered sac with an outer fibrous covering with an inner secretory lining

Question 11

The fibrous portion of the pericardium is composed of…

Answer 11

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 12

The inner serous/secretory lining of the pericardium is composed of…

Answer 12

Thin connective tissue

Question 13

What is the inner lining of the ventricles called?

Answer 13

Trabeculae

Question 14

Describe the microscopic features of myocardial cells

Answer 14

They are multinucleated, branched and elongated cells

Question 15

What three types of cell junctions exist in intercalated discs?

Answer 15

Fascia adherens, desmosomes/macula adherens & gap junctions

Question 16

What node initiates an action potential to generate electrical impulses and where is it located?

Answer 16

The sinoatrial (SA) node
Located in the upper right atrium

Question 17

What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

Answer 17

It receives the impulse from the SA node and delivers it to the AV bundles/bundles of His

Question 18

What happens when the Purkinje fibres receive electrical impulses?

Answer 18

The ventricles contract

Question 19

The endothelium is…

Answer 19

The epithelial lining of blood, lymph vessels and the heart

Question 20

Which side of the heart has a bicuspid valve?

Answer 20

The LHS

Question 21

What happens when the atrioventricular (AV) valves close?

Answer 21

Contraction of the ventricles

Question 22

Baroreceptors detect…

Answer 22

Stretch

Question 23

How is blood pressure maintained by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 23

Parasympathetic nervous system reduced heart rate & force of atrial contraction

Question 24

Describe the role of autorhythmic cells in the heart

Answer 24

They are responsible for depolarisation to threshold potential without neural input

Question 25

Sistole refers to...

Answer 25

The contraction of the ventricles, leading to ejection of blood

Question 26

Diastole refers to...

Answer 26

Relaxation of the heart - where the ventricles fill with blood

Question 27

List the three main structural differences between veins and arteries

Answer 27

Veins lack elastic laminae, have valves and have a wider lumen

Question 28

What is the role of the metaarteriole?

Answer 28

It diverts blood to the dermis by closing blood supply to the capillary bed

Question 29

How does baroreceptor firing rate change to increase BP?

Answer 29

Baroreceptor firing rate decreases

Question 30

Name the too blood pressure sensors

Answer 30

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 31

What happens when the beta 2 receptor is stimulated?

Answer 31

It decreases blood pressure by decreasing TPR

Question 32

What hormone stimulates beta 1 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 32

Adrenaline

Question 33

What happens when beta 1 receptors are stimulated?

Answer 33

Heart rate increases. Vasoconstriction.

Question 34

What organ is a major blood pressure sensor?

Answer 34

Kidneys

Question 35

Why is there an action potential delay when it reaches the AV node?

Answer 35

Different structure to SA node. Allows ventricles to fill with blood from atria.

Question 36

What is the role of autorhythmic cells?

Answer 36

They depolarise to threshold without neural imput through repeated AP generation

Question 37

What two ion channels open during the pacemaker potential?

Answer 37

Na funny channels and T-type Ca channels

Question 38

The intake of what ion causes the restoration of the membrane potential in autorhythmic fibres?

Answer 38

K ions (potassium)

Question 39

Preload refers to...

Answer 39

The stretch of the heart walls at the end of diastole (heart relaxes)

Question 40

Afterload refers to...

Answer 40

Ventricular contraction at the end of systole. Pressure in pulmonary trunk is overcome before blood ejection