Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Provides the body with nutrients, helps the body with the removal of waste products and provides the organs with oxygenated blood.

Question 2

What does the three component model consist of?

Answer 2

A resevoir (blood), A pump, A circuit

Question 3

What is the heart

Answer 3

A hollow bag of cardiac muscle

Question 4

What does afterload mean?

Answer 4

The force opposing ventricular contraction. This can be either by stress imposed on the ventricular wall or the impendance by the aortic and systematic circulation to the ejaction of stroke volume

Question 5

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 5

Pericardium, myocardium, epicardium

Question 6

What is the proper term for heart attack?

Answer 6

Myocardium Infarction

Question 7

What does the electrical muscle cells do?

Answer 7

Conduct the electricity for the heart.

Question 8

Why is pressure important in the heart?

Answer 8

Pressure from the heart causes the aorta to push open the valves. Pushes the valves open so blood can flow through the heart and to the rest of the body.

Question 9

What is the cardiac myofibril length in the end of diastole?

Answer 9

Preload

Question 10

not capillaries

What has a three wall structure

Answer 10

Vessels

Question 11

What do arteries do?

Answer 11

Carry blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body.

Question 12

What is an arteriole?

Answer 12

A smaller branch of the arteries

Question 13

What do arterioles do?

Answer 13

Arterioles branch into enormous networks of thin walled capillaries (tiny exchnage vessels) which allows nutrients, water and oxygen to diffuse into the tissues and cellular waste such as carbon dioxide to be diffused into the bloodstream and get transported away.

Question 14

What are the three layers of tissue of the arteries and veins?

Answer 14

Tunica adventitia, Tunica media, Tunica intima

Question 15

What is the tunica advenititia?

Answer 15

Outer layer of artery and vein. fibrous tissue containing large qunatities of collagen and other connective tissue components. It protects and supports the vessel.

Question 16

What is the tunica media

Answer 16

The middle layer of the vein and artery. Contains variable amount of smooth muscle and elastic tissue.

Question 17

What is the tunica intima (endothelium)?

Answer 17

A smooth lining of the vein and artery only one cell thick

Question 18

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 18

Endocardium, Epicardium, Myocardium

Question 19

What is the myocardium

Answer 19

Specialised cardiac cells that are striated. Also contains myocytes.

Question 20

What are myocytes?

Answer 20

A muscle cell

Question 21

What is included within the myocyte?

Answer 21

Myofibrils, Mitochondria, Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-Tubules

Question 22

What is a myofibril?

Answer 22

Within the myocyte, they are long contractile fibres that cause the production of contraction and relaxation of the cell.

Question 23

What is the T-Tubule?

Answer 23

Allows calcium to be kept seperate and be on the outside of the cell where it goes to the heart for the contraction.

Question 24

Why is calcium important

Answer 24

It helps blood clot normally and for the heart to beat normally.

Question 25

What is the Sarcolemma?

Answer 25

outside layer of the myocyte

Question 26

What does the cardiac cycle represent?

Answer 26

What happens during one heartbeat

Question 27

What is an annulus fibrosis?

Answer 27

The outer circumferance portion of the disc. Are around the valves of the heart.

Question 28

What is the role of annulus fibrosis?

Answer 28

To prevent electrical impulses from conducting to the ventricles by any other route.

Question 29

What is the meaning of stroke volume?

Answer 29

The volume of blood that the heart pushes out from the left ventricle at each beat. Influenced by heart rate.

Question 30

What do gap junctions within the myocyte allow?

Answer 30

They allow the next cells in line to activate

Question 31

What do cell junctions do?

Answer 31

They hold the cells together

Question 32

What do the gap junctions consist of?

Answer 32

They consist of 6 proteins and protein plots where selective ions can travel.

Question 33

What does the frank stirling law state?

Answer 33

That the stroke volume of the left ventricle will increase as the left ventricular volume increases. This is due to the myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction

Question 34

What is cardiac output?

Answer 34

The amount of blood ejected from each ventrical in one minute.

Question 35

How do you calculate the cardiac output?

Answer 35

Stroke volume x heart rate

Question 36

What does pre load mean?

Answer 36

The amount of blood entering the ventricals during diastole. And the amount of stretch on the ventricular walls at the end of diastole.

Question 37

When does afterload happen?

Answer 37

During systole, when the ventricals are contracting.

Question 38

What is a definition of afterload?

Answer 38

The resistance the ventricals must overcome to circulate the blood

Question 39

How do we work out the stroke volume?

Answer 39

End Diastolic Volume - End systolic volume