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Human Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Vessels which carry blood from the body to the heart are called…

A

Veins

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2
Q

Vessels which carry blood from the heart to the tissues are called…

A

Arteries

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3
Q

What is the sequence of blood leaving the heart?

A

Arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins

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4
Q

Which blood vessel has the simplest structure?

A

Capillaries - a single layer of epithelial cells

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5
Q

What are the three layers of arteries and veins?

A
  1. Tunica Intima/Interna - mainly epithelia
  2. Tunica Media - mainly smooth muscle.
  3. Tunica Adventitia/ Externia - mainly connective tissue
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6
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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7
Q

What are arteries?

A

Thick-walled vessels

Blood at high pressure

Mostly oxygenated blood

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8
Q

What tissue does elastic arteries have?

A

Elastic tissue

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9
Q

What type of muscle does muscular arteries have?

A

Smooth muscle

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10
Q

What is the function of elastic arteries?

A

Maintain the forward flow of the blood during relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle (diastole)

As blood is pumped out of the heart, the large elastic arteries are stretched.

Later they recoil and push the blood forwards

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11
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Small arteries

They have a well defined smooth muscle layer

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12
Q

What does contraction of the arterioles result in?

A

Vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What does relaxation of the arterioles result in?

A

Vasodilation

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14
Q

What are the main functions of the arterioles?

A
  1. Controls blood flow to the capillaries.
  2. Major influence on blood pressure.
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15
Q

What happens at the capillaries?

A
  1. Site of exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and tissues.
  2. Pre-capillary sphincters can limit blood flow in the capillaries.
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16
Q

What is the blood flow like in capillary?

A

Slow and low pressure

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17
Q

What are venules and veins?

A

Thin walled vessels

Blood at low pressure

Large volume of blood ~ 60% of blood volume

Valves are present in large veins

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18
Q

What can hinder blood flow in the lower limbs?

A

Gravity

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19
Q

What is the role of the skeletal muscle pump?

A

The skeletal muscle pump aids blood flow black back to the heart

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20
Q

What four factors affect Venous return?

A
  1. Muscle activity (lower limbs) - increases
  2. Gravity - decreases
  3. Breathing - increases.
  4. Blood pressure gradient (small) - increases
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21
Q

What are the two functional halves of the heart?

A
  1. Atrium.
  2. Ventricle.
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22
Q

What muscle is the heart composed of?

A

Cardiac

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23
Q

What system does the heart work alongside?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

What is the average size of the heart?

A

12 cm long (small)

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25
Q

The heart has its own blood supply. Where does it come from?

A

The coronary artery

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26
Q
A
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27
Q

What are the AV valves?

A
  1. Mitral valve or bicuspid valve - LHS
  2. Tricuspid valve - RHS
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28
Q

What are the semi lunar valves?

A
  1. Aortic semilunar valve. - LHS
  2. Pulmonary semilunar valve - RHS
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29
Q

What is the root of blood through the circulatory system?

A

Left atrium > left ventricle > aorta > body tissues > back from body > right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium

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30
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A
  1. Myocardium forms of the thick wall of the heart.
  2. Muscle cells are short and branched.
  3. They are joined at intercalated discs which contain gap junctions allowing action potentials to spread.
  4. Many mitochondria - relies on aerobic production of ATP.
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31
Q

What are the coronary arteries function?

A

It is the heart blood supply

The arteries are extensively branched and most areas will receive blood from more than one coronary artery which reduces the risk of a lack of oxygen

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32
Q

What does the autonomic innovation of the heart mean?

A
  1. The heart is supplied by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
  2. Both affect heart rate.
  3. The sympathetic nervous system can also alter the strength of cardiac muscle contraction. - increased contractility
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33
Q

The cardiac muscle must be __________ by an ______________ before it can conduct

A

Depolarised

Action potential

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34
Q

What is the pacemaker cell?

A

The sino atrial node

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35
Q

What is the membrane potential of the pacemaker cells?

A

It is constantly changing and action potentials are rhythmically produced - they can be sped up or slow down

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36
Q

The atria and ventricles contract in what way?

A

Coordinated way

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37
Q

The coordinated atria and ventricle contraction is produced by

A

The conducting system

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38
Q

What is the layout of the conducting system of the heart?

A

Sino atrial node > AV node > bundle of his > left and right bundle branches > purkinje fibres

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39
Q

What does a P wave on an ECG show?

A

Electrical activity produced by arterial depolarisation

40
Q

What does the QRS complex on an ECG show?

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles

41
Q

What does the T wave on an ECG show?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles

42
Q

When does the atria repolarise?

A

At the time of the QRS wave

43
Q

On an ECG, what counts as one cardiac cycle?

A

P. Wave to P. wave.

44
Q

What happens when the heart is in diastole?

A

Blood fills the atria and the pressure in the atria increases

45
Q

What does an increase in atria pressure cause?

A

This opens the AV valves and blood flows into the ventricles

46
Q

What happens after blood flows into the ventricles?

A

The atria contract moving blood still in the atria into the ventricles

47
Q

When do the AV valves close?

A

When the ventricles contract the AV valves close and the blood can’t leave the ventricles. This causes an increase of pressure in the ventricles - Iso volumetric contractions

48
Q

What happens when there is an increased pressure in the ventricles?

A

The increased pressure pushes open the semilunar valves

49
Q

What happens when the semilunar valves are open?

A

Blood leaves the ventricles:

  1. Aorta - LHS.
  2. Pulmonary artery - RHS.
50
Q

What happens after blood leaves the ventricles?

A

The semilunar valves shut preventing blood backflow from the arteries. The heart relaxes and begins diastole.

51
Q

What is the average heart rate at rest?

A

~70 beats per minute

52
Q

How long is the average cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 sec

53
Q

How long does ventricular systole and diastole take

A

Ventricular systole - 0.3 sec
Ventricular diastole - 0.5 sec

54
Q

How long does atrial systole and diastole take?

A

Atrial systole - 0.1 sec
Atrial diastole - 0.7 sec

55
Q

What two factors does the amount of blood pumped by the heart over a period of time depend on?

A
  1. Heart rate - number of cardiac cycles
  2. Stroke volume - volume of blood ejected by one ventricle each time it contracts
56
Q

What is the cardiac output formula?

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT (l/min) = heart rate (beats/min) X stroke volume (l/beat)

57
Q

Is the proportion of cardiac output of a particular organ fixed?

A

No

58
Q

What causes an increase in heart rate?

A

Increase in sympathetic activity
Decrease in parasympathetic activity

59
Q

What causes an increase in stroke volume?

A

Increase in contractility
Increased filling
Increased Venous return

60
Q

What happens if there’s an increase in mean arterial blood pressure?

A

Both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure will increase

61
Q

What causes an increase in blood flow to active muscle?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic control mechanisms

62
Q

What is the blood flow to the brain like?

A

Blood flow must remain constant. As a percentage of cardiac output it may decrease as the cardiac output increases.

63
Q

How would an athletes cardiovascular system differ at rest to a sedentary individual?

A

Lower heart rate
Higher stroke volume

64
Q

How would an athletes cardiovascular system differ during exercise to a sedentary individual?

A

Take longer to achieve maximum heart rate
The maximum stroke volume is larger

65
Q

If there is an increase in cardiac output, what must also happen?

A

A redistribution of blood.

From the GI tract
Skeletal muscle , coronary circulation and skin

66
Q

What produces the redistribution of blood?

A

Vasodialation
Vasoconstriction

This is achieved intrinsically - local - and extrinsically - ANS and hormones

67
Q

What does blood pressure normally refer to?

A

Arterial blood pressure

68
Q

Is arterial blood pressure constant?

A

No, it is pulsatile

69
Q
A
70
Q

How do you calculate the mean arterial blood pressure?

A

Mean arterial BP = diastolic BP + 1/3 (systolic BP - diastolic BP)

71
Q

What is systolic BP - diastolic BP also called?

A

Pulse pressure

72
Q

How does cardiac output affect blood pressure?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary arteries each minute

73
Q

What affects the total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

A

Blood vessel length
Blood viscosity
Blood vessel radius

74
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial blood pressure?

A

Mean arterial blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

75
Q

What blood vessel causes most of the resistance within the cardiovascular system?

A

The arterioles

76
Q

During exercise, is there an increase or decrease in cardiac output?

A

Increase

77
Q

During exercise, is there an increase or decrease in total peripheral resistance?

A

Decrease - this is due due to increased skeletal muscle blood flow

78
Q

What can the diameter of arterioles influence?

A
  1. Total peripheral resistance which affects blood pressure.
  2. Blood flow to the capillaries which affect perfusion of tissues.
79
Q

How does local or intrinsic control determine the diameter of arterioles?

A
  1. Increases activity of tissue.
  2. Increases accumulation of metabolites.
  3. Arterioles dilate.
  4. Increased blood flow.
80
Q

How does extrinsic control determine the diameter of arterioles?

A
  1. Increased sympathetic activity.
  2. Increased nor adrenaline released - produces vasoconstriction
  3. Increase in TPR.
81
Q

What hormones causes vasoconstriction?

A
  1. Plasma adrenaline
  2. Angiotensin II
  3. ADH
82
Q

What hormone causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle?

A

Adrenaline

83
Q

What monitors blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors

84
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

Within the arteries located in aortic arch and the carotid sinus.

85
Q

What can cause a fall in blood pressure?

A

Haemorrhage

86
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms in the heart?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction of veins., arterioles in skin (cold and Pale), GI tract, muscles and kidneys
  2. Coronary and cerebral blood flow stays constant.
  3. Increased heart rate - tachycardia
  4. Shift or redistribution of extra cellular fluid.
87
Q

How does the distribution of extra cellular fluid occur after haemorrhage?

A
  1. Decreased capillary pressure.
  2. Increased fluid reabsorption from interstitial fluid.
  3. Increased plasma volume.
  4. Increased blood pressure towards normal.
88
Q

What happens if blood loss continues?

A
  1. There is an increase of water reabsorption by the kidneys.
  2. Decrease urine output.
    Through the actions of renin, ADH and aldosterone
  3. EPO stimulates red blood cell production
89
Q

What happens if blood flow to the brain stem is reduced?

A

Less vasoconstriction occurs

90
Q

What does hypoxia lead to?

A
  1. Increase capillary permeability.
  2. Decreased blood volume causing decreased blood pressure.
91
Q

What can cause shock?

A
  1. Loss of blood.
  2. Loss of fluid.
  3. Heart failure.
  4. Widespread vasodilation
92
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Toxins released by infections

93
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

An allergic reaction producing histamine release

94
Q

What happens in the P-Q interval

A

P-Q interval – the cardiac action potential arising in the SA node spreads over the atria depolarising them and causing atrial systole.

95
Q

What happens in the Q-T interval

A

Q-T interval – QRS indicates ventricular depolarisation leading to ventricular systole, AV valves close, Semi-lunar valves open & blood is ejected from the ventricles

96
Q

What happens in the T-P interval

A

T-P interval – ventricles are repolarised & relax. The pressure within them drops, AV valves open & heart fills with blood - diastole

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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