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Human Physiology > Red blood cells > Flashcards

Red blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cellular components of blood known as?

A

The formed elements of blood

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2
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A
  1. Red blood cells - erythrocytes
  2. White blood cells - leucocytes
  3. Platelets - cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
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3
Q

How much of the total blood volume do red blood cells account for?

A

Males - 45% (0.45 l of RBC’s per l of blood)
Females - ~41%

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4
Q

What is the term given for the proportion of blood made up by RBCs?

A

Haematocrit

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5
Q

How do you find out blood composition?

A

Blood sample is drawn into a glass capillary tube and then spun in a centrifuge

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6
Q

What is the approximate plasma percentage in blood?

A

55%

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7
Q

What is the approximate blood volume?

A

5 L

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8
Q

Approximately how many RBCs are in circulation?

A

25 trillion

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9
Q

What shape is the red blood cell?

A

They are flattened, bi concave discs

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10
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

Transport gases in the circulation -
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon Dioxide

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11
Q

What does the shape of RCS allow for?

A

Greater surface area of the cell for gas diffusion

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12
Q

What is the diameter of the RBC similar to?

A

The diameter of the smallest capillary blood vessels

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13
Q

Can RBCs go through capillary?

A

RBCs can squeeze through capillaries as they are easily deformable

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14
Q

How is Gas transport provided in RBCs?

A

Haemoglobin

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15
Q

What gives RBCs the red colour?

A

Haemoglobin

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16
Q

What are the two main parts to the haemoglobin molecule?

A
  1. Protein part -globin.
  2. Pigment part - heam (contains iron and carries oxygen)
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17
Q

What is the approximate concentration of haemoglobin in the blood?

A

150 g/L

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18
Q

Which organelles do RBCs not contain?

A

Mitochondria - therefore the obtain energy anaerobically
Nucleus - they are anucleate cells

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19
Q

Do RBCs have a short or long lifespan?

A

Short around 120 days

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20
Q

Where are RBCs destroyed?

A

The spleen, liver and bone marrow by phagocyte cells (macrophages)

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21
Q

What is the name for RBC synthesis?

A

Erythropoiesis

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22
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

Bone marrow

In adults :

  1. Bones of the chest.
  2. Cranium.
  3. Vertebrae and pelvis.
  4. Long bones in arms and legs.
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23
Q

How is an erythrocyte produced?

A

Pluripotent Stem cell > Myeloid stem cell > Reticulocyte > Erythrocyte

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24
Q

What factors are required for normal RBC to occur?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
  3. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
25
Q

What type of control is RBC synthesis under?

A

Hormonal control

26
Q

Where is Erythropoietin (EPO) found?

A

90% from kidneys
10% from liver

27
Q

In what situations would there be a decrease level of oxygen?

A
  1. Haemorrhage.
  2. Decrease cardiac efficiency.
  3. High altitude.
28
Q

What does decrease level of oxygen stimulate?

A

The production of EPO. This then synthesises extra RBCs - increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

29
Q

Why is EPO and blood doping in athletics dangerous?

A

It increases blood viscosity

30
Q

Why is EPO and blood doping in athletics banned?

A

It gives an unfair advantage

31
Q

Why did athletes use hypoxic tents?

A

They have low oxygen and one they step outside and train at sea level it improves their performance, it is safer and approved.

32
Q

What happens if a stimulus disrupts homeostasis by decreasing oxygen delivery to the kidneys and other tissues?

A
  1. Receptors - kidney cells secrete EPO detector oxygen level. Increased EPO is secreted into blood.
  2. Control centre. - Proerythroblasts in Redbone marrow mature more quickly into reticulocytes.
  3. Effectors - larger number of RBCs in circulation. This leads to increase oxygen delivery to tissue and it is returned to homeostasis
33
Q

What is the ABO classification of blood types based on?

A

Two antigens present on red blood cells:

A-Antigen
B-antigen

34
Q

Where are the antigens present on RBCs?

A

They are present on the surface membrane

35
Q

What can react with these antigens?

A

Antibodies in the blood plasma:

Anti-A
Anti-B

36
Q

Does plasma contain antibodies for the particular antigens that are present on RBCs?

A

No

37
Q

What antigens and antibodies do type a blood have?

A

RBC - A-antigen
Plasma - Anti-B antibody

38
Q

What antigens and antibodies does type B blood have?

A

RBC - B antigen
Plasma - Anti-A antibody

39
Q

What antigens and antibodies do type AB blood have?

A

RBC - Both A and B antigens

Plasma - Neither antibody

40
Q

What antigens and antibodies do type O blood have?

A

RBC - No A or B antigen
Plasma - Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

41
Q

If a person with type a blood needs a transfusion which donors cannot give their blood

A

Type B or type AB

42
Q

If a subject with blood type B needed a transfusion, which types could it not receive blood from?

A

Type A or type AB

43
Q

What type of transfusion can blood type AB receive?

A

Any type of donor because they have no antibodies to other blood types making them universal recipients

44
Q

What blood type can type O receive transfusions from?

A

Type O blood.

They have antibodies to type and type B blood

45
Q

Who can receive type O blood?

A

Any other blood type because they have no antigens on their RBCs making them universal donors

46
Q

How many different human blood group classifications are there?

A

35

47
Q

What is Rhesus factor?

A

Rhesus antigens are present in human RBCs - Rhesus positive (Rhesus+)

Rh+ is the most common type.

Plasma does not normally contain anti-RH antibodies.

48
Q

What can happen if a Rh negative mother and a Rh positive father have a Rhesus positive fetus?

A

Usually fine for the first pregnancy however for the second pregnancy, it can cause problems

49
Q

What can happen during a subsequent pregnancy when a mother synthesises anti-RH antibodies.

A
  1. Anti-RH antibodies can cross the placenta from mother to fetus
  2. Anti-RH antibodies enter fetal circulation.
  3. Reaction causes RBCs to rupture (haemolytic) potentially life-threatening.
  4. Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HBN)
50
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Preventing of bleeding following injury to a blood vessel

51
Q

What are the three series of coordinated responses to haemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular spasm.
  2. Formation of platelet plug.
  3. Coagulation.
52
Q

What happens with a vascular spasm?

A
  1. Damage to the vessel.
  2. Smooth muscle contraction.
  3. Vasoconstriction- maintained by chemicals released by platelets.
  4. Reduces blood flow.
53
Q

What happens with the formation of a platelet plug?

A
  1. Platelets coming into contact with damaged blood vessels (collagen fibre)
  2. Platelets stick to damaged area.
  3. Platelets release chemicals.
    3A. Maintains vascular spasm.
    3B. Attracts other platelets > increases stickiness of other platelets > platelets clump together > platelet plug > assist in reducing blood loss
54
Q

What happens in coagulation?

A

Process of blood clotting

Formation of a gel consisting of network of insoluble protein fibre is called fibrin, which catches the cellular components of blood.

55
Q

What are the co-factors required for coagulation?

A

Clotting factors
Vitamin K
Calcium ions
Liver enzymes
Factors release by platelets

56
Q

What are the two pathways for blood clotting?

A

Intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway

57
Q

The intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway leads to the formation of what?

A

Prothrombinase

Catalyses conversion of prothrombin (plasma protein) to thrombin (enzyme)

Thrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen (plasma protein) to fibre (insoluble fibres)

58
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway?

A

Tissue damage > release of tissue factor > enters blood vessels > Clotting factors and calcium ions (fast reaction) helps form prothrombinase

59
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway?

A

Blood vessel damage > exposure of collagen fibres in blood vessel walls >
(A) Prothrombinase
(B) platelet activation > release of platelet phospholipids > prothrombinase

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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