Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Adah Arcete

• Approximately the size of your fist, hollow, cone-shaped
• Weighs less than a pound
• Apex: Rest on the diaphragm ~ at the level of 5th intercostal space.

Heart /Heart Anatomy

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Location of the heart

• superior surface of the diaphragm
•left in the midline
• anterior to the vertebral column , posterior to the sternum.

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3 layers of the Heart Wall

• Epicardium
• Myocardium
• Endocardium

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crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

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External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart
(Anterior View)
• Returning blood to the heart

• superior and inferior vena cava
• right and left pumonary veins

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External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart
(Anterior View)
• conveying blood away from the heart

• pulmonary trunks, that splits into right and left pulmonary arteries
• ascending aorta

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3 branches of ascending aorta

• brachiocephalic artery
• left common carotid artery
• subclavian artery

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External Heart: Vessels that Supply/Drain the Heart
(Anterior View)
•Arteries

• right and left coronary artery
• marginal artery
• circumflex artery
• anterior interventricular artery

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External Heart: Vessels that Supply/Drain the Heart
(Anterior View)
• veins

• small cardiac vein
• anterior cardiac vein
• great cardiac vein

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External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart
(Posterior View)
• Returning blood to the heart

• right and left pulmonary veins
• superior and inferior vena cava

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External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart
(Posterior View)
• conveying blood away from the heart

• aorta
• right and left pulmonary arteries

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External Heart: Vessels that Supply/Drain the Heart
(Posterior View)
• arteries

• right coronary artery
• the posterior interventricular artery

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External Heart: Vessels that Supply/Drain the Heart
(Posterior View)
• veins

• great cardiac vein
• posterior vein to the left ventricle
• coronary sinus
• middle cardiac vein

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4 hollow chambers

• 2 atria
• 2 ventricles

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primarily “receiving chambers”

Superior atria / atria

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thick-walled; “discharging chambers”

Inferior ventricle/ ventricles

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divides the heart longitudinally

Interventricular Septum/ interateial septum

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Each atrium has _____

Protubing auricle

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It is mark atrial walls

Pectinate muscles

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It is mark ventricular walls

•papillary muscles
• trabeculae carneae muscles

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between atrial and ventricular chambers on each side;

prevent backflow into the atria when
the ventricles contract.

AV Node / Atrioventricular Node

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(L) AV valve; consists of two flaps, or cusps of endocardium

Bicuspid/Mitral Valve

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(R) AV valve; consists of three flaps

Tricuspid Valve

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guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers; consists of three leaflets; prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.

Semilunar valve

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lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve / pulmonic valve

lies between the left ventricle and the aorta

Aortic Semilunsr Valve / Aortic Valve

“tendinous cords"; anchor the flaps to the walls of the ventricles -anchor AV valves to papillary muscles

Chordae tendineae

pre-tense the chordae prior to ventricular contraction.

Papillary Muscles

branch from the aorta and encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus (AV groove); located at the junction of the atria an ventricles.

Coronary arteries

Coronary arteries and major branches:

• anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries on the left • posterior interventricular and marginal arteries on the right

enlarge vessel where the blood drained.

Coronary Sinus

inflammation of the pericardium, often results in a decrease in the serous fluid.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the endocardium

Endocarditis

myocardium is deprived of oxygen often result in crushing chest pain

Angina pectoris

may causes death of the cell forming an infarct

Prolong angina

commonly called"heart attack" or "coronary".

Myocardial infarction

How many pumps of blood in a signle day?

6000 quarts

Beats 60x/ minute

Atrial cells

Contracts more slowly;beats 20-40x/ min

Ventricular cells

• is a crescent-shaped node of tissue; located in the right atrium • A.K. A pacemaker • tiny cell mass with a mammoth job • It has the highest rate of depolarization in the whole system • It starts each heartbeat and sets the pace for the whole heart.

SA node or sinoatrial node

junction of the atria and ventricles

atrioventricular node or AV node

located in the interventricular septum

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)

located in the interventricular septum

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)

spread within the muscle of the ventricle walls.

Purkinje Fibers

an interference with the normal conduction of electrical impulses that control activity of the heart muscle.

Heart block

caused by ischemia or lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle leading to uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle.

Fibrillation

Rapid heart rate

Tachycardia

heart rate that is substantially slower than normal.

Bradycardia

refers to all events associated with blood flow through the heart

Cardiac cycle

Contraction of the heart muscle

Systole

Relaxation pf the heart muscle

Diastole

Blood cycle

Deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs enters the Superior Vena Cava (SVC), while deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs enters the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC). From there, the deoxygenated blood flows into the Right Atrium and then into the Right Ventricle through the Tricuspid Valve. It is then pumped through the Pulmonic Valve into the Pulmonary Artery and on to the lungs. In the lungs, the deoxygenated blood absorbs oxygen, transforming into oxygenated blood. Next, the oxygenated blood travels back to the heart via the Pulmonary Veins, entering the Left Atrium. From there, it passes through the Bicuspid Valve also known as the Mitral Valve) into the Left Ventricle. The heart contracts, pushing the oxygenated blood through the Aortic Valve into the Aorta, which distributes it through systemic arteries to supply oxygen to tissues throughout the body. This continuous cycle of circulation ensures that oxygen-rich blood reaches every part of the body, supporting cellular functions and maintaining overall physiological balance.

which lines the lumen or interior of the vessels

Tunica intima

is the bulky middle coat. It is mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Tunica media

the outermost tunic. - It is composed largely of fibrous connective tissue, and its function is basically to support and protect the vessels.

Tunica externa or tunica adventitia

Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries • arteries

• thicker than veins • heavier • walls are strong the stretchy enough to take changes in pressure

Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries • veins

• thinner walls than arteries • lower pressure • larger veins have valves

Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries • capillaries

• transparent walls • one cell layer thick • form capillary beds (microcirculation)

2 types of capillaries

• vascular shunt • true capillaries

directly connects arteriole and venule at opposite end

Vascular shunt

branch off the proximal end of the shunt and return to the distal end, but occasionally they spring from the terminal arteriole.

True capillaries

are common in people who stand for long periods of time and in obese (or pregnant) individuals.

Varicose veins

an inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel with poor circulation. - serious complication of varicose veins. - may cause pulmonary embolism.

Thrombophlebitis

Largest artery of the body

Aorta

2 types of aorta

• thoracic aorta • abdominal aorta

Largest vein

• superior and inferior vena cava

alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle. (70-76bpm)

Pulse

Sites for pulse

•temporal • facial • common carotid • brachial • femoral •popliteal •posterior tibial • dorsalis pedis

the pressure of the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels.

Blood pressure

2 tyeps of cardiac circulation

• coronary arteries • coronary sinus

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(70 cards)