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module 1: anatomy > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

where is the thorax

A

between the neck and above the abdomen

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2
Q

what are the 2 parts of the thorax and what are their functions

A

chest walls -
protects heart and lungs
makes the movement of breathing
breast tissue allows lactation

chest cavity-
within the chest walls
contains vital organs (viscera)
contain major vessels and nerves

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3
Q

describe the adult vertebral column

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral - fuse to form 1 sacrum
4 coccygeal - fused to form 1 coccyx

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4
Q

VERTIBRA - what is a function of the vertebral body

A

weight bearing

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5
Q

VERTIBRA- what does the pedical

A

bone that connects the body infront to the arch behind

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6
Q

VERTIBRA - what does the lamina do

A

connecting bone between the processes

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7
Q

VERTEBRA - what do transverse process do (either side)

A

ligament, muscle attatchment and rib articulations

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8
Q

VERTEBRA - what do spinous processes do

A

ligament and muscle attachment

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9
Q

VERTEBRA - What do the inferior and superior articular processes do

A

mobility with the adjacent vertebrae via synovial

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10
Q

VERTEBRA - what is the role of the vertebral arch and what does it consist of

A

protects the spinal cord

2 x pedicle
2 x lamina

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11
Q

VERTEBRA - what is the role of the vertebral foramen

A

transmits and protects the spinal cord

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12
Q

RIBS - what is meant by typical ribs

A

they look the same and have the same anatomical features

ribs 3-9

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13
Q

RIBS -what is meant by atypical ribs

A

they do not look the same and have the same anatomical features

ribs 1,2,10-12

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14
Q

RIBS - describe the structure of the rib

A

head with 2 facets
neck
tubercle - lump of bone
body/shaft
angle - where it bends

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15
Q

RIBS - describe the inside of the ribs

A

costal groove - inferiorly on deep surface for the intercostal vessels and nerve.

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16
Q

what makes the rib atypical

A

its short, broadest, most sharply curved
its least likely to fracture

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17
Q

what is the scalene tubercle on the atypical rib 1

A

attachment of the scalenus anterior muscle

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18
Q

why does atypical rib have grooves

A

for subclavian vein and artery

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19
Q

describe the joints in the chest wall that have limited movement

A

the costal cartilages are joined
the sternum by the sternocostal joint
ribs by the costochondral joint

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20
Q

describe the joints on the sternum

A

sternoclavicular joint - joins sternum to the clavical

sternocostal joint - articulation with costal cartilage of rib 1

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21
Q

describe the sternum

A
  • manubrium
  • sternal angle - located at rib 2
  • costal notches - articulation with costal cartilage and costal margin
  • body
  • xiphoid process - used as landmark in cpr
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22
Q

describe the layers of the chest wall - anterior

A

skin
superficial fascia - used for insulation
deep fascia - fibrous, tough, thin - used for protection
muscle - pectoral major
- deltoid
delto-pectoral groove

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23
Q

how do we seperate the pectoral major and the deltoid

A

the delto-pectoral groove

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24
Q

what is in the delto-pectoral groove and what is its function

A

catholic vein - takes venous blood from upper limb towards vein in neck

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25
describe the lateral view of the chest
latissimus dorsi serratus anterior - anchors the scapula to the ribs long thoracic nerve - supplies serratus anterior
26
what happens if the thoracic nerve is damaged
paralysis of the serratus anterior
27
what is underneath the pectoralis major
pectoralis minor serratus anterior intercostal muscles
28
what are intercostal muscles
they sit between the ribs 3 layers involved in moving the chest wall during respiration by pulling ribs close together
29
what is the intercostal neurovascular supply
it contains a vein, artery and nerve it carries sensation to the spinal cord it carries motor innervation to the intercostal muscles
30
what is thoracocentsis
sampling fluid from pleural cavity vie an intercostal space below intercostal nvb and above collateral intercostal nvb
31
LUNGS - describe the lung development of an embryo
"balloon" - walls = pleura - inside - pleaura cavity the lung will grow into the balloon (not inside, pushes against and displacing the pleura)
32
LUNGS - what is parietal pleura
parietal - wall the pleura thats incontact with chest wall
33
LUNGS - what is visceral pleura
visceral - organ the pleura that's incontact with developing lung
34
LUNGS - describe the developmetn of the adult lung
the visceral pleura will grow and stick to the parietal pleura by the cavity with pleural fluid causing surface tension
35
LUNG - what does the surface tension of the lungs allow
any time the chest wall moves, it pulls the chest with it
36
where is the costodiaphragmatic recess
base of the pleura cavity
37
describe the lateral structure of the right and left lung
right- superior lobe, inferior lobe and middle lobe - obblique fissure - seperate the s and i - horizontal fissue - seperates s and m left - superior lobe, inferior lobe, lingual (extends from superior lobe)
38
where do the arteries and veins enter and exit the lungs and what are the arteries and veine
the Hilum - root of lung main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins x2
39
what is inside the hilum
RIGHT - posterior - bronchus superior - pulmonary artery aneterior/inferior - pulmonary veins pulmonary lymph nodes
40
what is the primary muscle of respiration
the diaphram
41
what is the role of the phrenic nerve
supply motor and sensory fibres to the skeletal muscles of the diaphram
42
where is the phrenic nerve found
in the neck on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle in chest descending over the lateral asoects of the heart
43
what nerves are classed as phrenic nerves
C3,4 and 5 keep the diaphram alive
44
describe inspiration mechanics (breathing in)
1. diaphram contracts and descends - increasing verticle chest dimensions 2. intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs -- increases A-P and lateral chest dimensions 3. the chest walls pulls lungs outwards with them (pleura) - airflows into lungs
45
describe expiration mechanics (breathing out)
1. diaphram relaxes and rises - decreases verticle thoracic dimensions 2. intercostal muscles relax, lowering ribs - decreases A-P and lateral chest dimensions 3. elastic tissue of lungs recoils - air flows out of lungs
46
what muscles are involved in forced inspirations - excersixe, high altitude
pectoralis major pectoralis minor sternocleidomastoid (in neck) scalene muscles (in neck)
47
what muscles are involved in forced experation
rectus abdominus - diaphram relaxes
48
what is pneumothorax how does it occur what is the effect of it
air in the pleural cavity injury to chest wall allows aiir entry into pleural cavity via tear in parietal pleura vacuum lost and lung collapses due to elastic recoil or lung tissue may rupture causing release of air into pleura cavity vie tear in visceral pleura
49
what is the difference between the left and right bronchus
right is wider, shorter, more vertical forreign objects are more likely to be inhaled into right lung
50
where does the trachea bifurcate
at the sternal angle
51
what is the mediastinum and how is it split
the area between the lungs above the sternal angle - superior and below the sternal angle - anterior, middle, posterior
52
what is the pericardium and where is it situated
bag(sac) surrounding the heart middle mediastinum
53
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium and their characteristics
outer layer - fibrous pericardium tough, thick, protective, prevents overfilling deep layer - serous layer membranous, glistening, secretes serous fluid, reflects back into itself
54
what happens if their is bleeding in the paricardius cavity
increased pressure can prevent cardiac contraction (cardiac tamponade)
55
describe the development of the heart and pericardium
balloon- the heart pushes into pericardium and displaces the pericardium to shape around it then the visceral serous pericardium comes into contact with parietal serous pericardium and gap becomes very small with a small amount of pericardiuos fluid
56
HEART - what is visceral serous pericardium what is parietal serous pericardium
covers the heart - in direct contact with heart lines fibrous pericardium - in direct contact with wall
57
describe the layers of the heart wall
external- epicardium (visceral serous pericardium) middle - myocardium (muscle layer) internal - endocardium ( continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with heart)
58
what does the right and left auricle on the heart do
allows maximum filling of the atriums
59
what does myocardial infarction mean (MI)
irriversible death (necrosis) of teh part of the heart muscle (myocardium) due to a blockage of its arterial blood supply it can be anteroir or inferior MI
60
how is the myocardium supplied with oxygenated blood how is deoxygenated blood removed
via the right and left coronary arteries which arise from the ascending aorta via surface veins which drain to coronary sinus
61
what blood goes through the right side? left side? what divides them
venous blood from systemic circulation to pulonary circulation arterial blood from pulonary circulation to systemic circulation septum
62
what are the 4 valves in the heart
tricuspid valve - between right atrium and right ventricle pulonary valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk mintral (bicuspid) valve - between left atrium and left ventricle aortic valve - between left ventricle and aorta
63
what is the role of the conducting system
controls spread of electrical excitation over myocardium enabling coordinated beating of chambers
64
describe the conducting system pathway
electrical activity beggins at SAN then spreads across atria to AV node then passes down through av bundles of his to the right and left bundle branches in septum to purkinje fibres in walls of ventricles then contraction of ventricles occurs
65

module 1: anatomy (11 decks)

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