locomotion

Question 1

what is the functions of the bones

Answer 1

structural support
calcium store
haematopoiesis
protection

Question 2

joints functions

Answer 2

facilitate movement
allows growth
stability

Question 3

muscle functions

Answer 3

generate movement and heat

Question 4

describe the structure of the bone

Answer 4

outer cortex - compact cortical bone

inner medulla - spongy trabecular/cancellous bone

medulla - may contain bone marrow (site of red and white blood cell production)

Question 5

what is the periosteum

Answer 5

fibrous vascularised connective tissue sleave around the bone that is well innervated

Question 6

where do the nutrient vessels carry blood to and from the bone

Answer 6

medullary cavity

Question 7

what is endochondral ossification

Answer 7

process in which an initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)

Question 8

describe the structure of the bone

Answer 8

end
- epiphysis
- epiphyseal growth plate
- metaphysis

middle
-diaphysis

Question 9

when does bone growth cease

Answer 9

when growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies

Question 10

what are the 5 classifications of bone

Answer 10

flat bone - protective
long bone - tubular
irregular bone - strange shape
sesamoid bone - within some tendons
short bones - cuboidal

Question 11

what is apart of the axial skeleton

Answer 11

skull
spine
sternum
ribs

Question 12

what is apart of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 12

pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs

Question 13

what is the bones called on top from the superior to ears

Answer 13

bones of cranial vault

Question 14

what is the bones called lower from the superior to ears

Answer 14

bones of facial skeleton

Question 15

why do the bones in the adult vertebral column get larger then smaller are you go down

Answer 15

to bear more weight then become smaller once weight has been transferred to hip bones

Question 16

what is the function of the adult vertebral column

Answer 16

support head and trunk when upright
protect the spinal cord and nerves
allows movement of head on neck and trunk

Question 17

what is the curvatures on the vertebral column called

Answer 17

cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis

Question 18

what makes the c1, c2 and c7 cervical vertebrae different from the rest

Answer 18

c1 - atlas
does not have a spinous process or body but a posterior arch and an anterior arch

c2 - axis
has an odontoid process
it also projects superiorly from body

c7
vertebrae prominems, first palpable spinous process in 70% of people

Question 19

where is the intervertebral foramen and what is found in it

Answer 19

between adjacent vertebrae

spinal nerves

Question 20

where is the facet joint found and what can affect it

Answer 20

between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

arthritis

Question 21

where can you find intervertebral discs and what are its features

Answer 21

between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae

it has a strong attachment and can herniate

Question 22

where does the spinal cord run through and where does it end

Answer 22

the vertebral canal and ends at L2

Question 23

what do the spinal nerves supply

Answer 23

the soma (body wall)

Question 24

where are the spinal nerves located

Answer 24

only within the intervertebral foramina and they connect with structures of soma via rami and spinal cords via roots and rootlets

Question 25

what bones are in the pectoral girdle

Answer 25

2 scapulae, 2 clavicles

Question 26

what bones are in the pelvic girdle

Answer 26

2 hip bones and the sacrum

Question 27

what are the 3 types of muscle and what are examples

Answer 27

cardiac muscle - heart smooth muscle - kidneys, stomach, lungs skeletal muscle - biceps

Question 28

how do you extend and flex

Answer 28

nerves conduct an action potential which reaches a muscle fibre and stimulates contraction

Question 29

what is skeletal muscle composed of

Answer 29

muscle fascicle composed of muscle fibres composed of myofibrils composed of myofilaments

Question 30

why do skeletal muscles look striped

Answer 30

due to overlapping actin and myosin

Question 31

what are the types of shapes of skeletal muscles

Answer 31

circular e.g orbicularis oculi fusiform e.g biceps brachii pennate e.g deltoid flat with aponeurosis e.g external oblique quadrate e.g rectus abdominus

Question 32

what usually attaches muscle to bone

Answer 32

tendon

Question 33

where are skeletal muscles usually found in comparison to deep fascia

Answer 33

deep

Question 34

what is deep fascia

Answer 34

tough fibrous connective tissue

Question 35

what muscles are involved in protective reflexes of coughing, sneexing, gagging, swallowing and vommiting

Answer 35

the skeletal muscles of the proximal respiratory/alimentary tracts

Question 36

what muscles control micturition and defecation

Answer 36

skeletal muscles

Question 37

what are the different types of joints and what happens in relation to mobility and stability

Answer 37

fibrous cartilaginous synovial each has a different comprise profile

Question 38

what are the 3 types of firbous joints

Answer 38

Syndesmoses - Unites bones with fibrous sheet - has a Fibrous membrane - e.g. interosseous membranes - Partially movable Sutures - Between bones of skull - e.g. coronal suture - Highly stable Gomphosis - Dentoalveolar syndesmosis - Very little movement - Periodontal ligament

Question 39

what is the fibrous joint like in terms of mobility and stability

Answer 39

generally limited mobility quite stable

Question 40

what is the Cartilaginous Joint like in terms of mobility and stability

Answer 40

fairly limited mobility relatively stable

Question 41

what are the types of Cartilaginous Joint

Answer 41

Primary cartilaginous - synchondroses - bones joined by hyaline cartilage - e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate - permit growth in length of bone - ossification and fusion Secondary cartilaginous - symphyses - strong - slightly movable - fibrocartilage - e.g. intervertebral discs Both types can ‘slip’ - primary – slipped femoral epiphysis - secondary – slipped disc

Question 42

what are the types of synovial joints

Answer 42

pivot e.g atlantic-axial joint ball and socket e.g hip joint condyloid e.g metacarpophalangeal joint saddle e.g carpometacarpal joint hinge e.g elbow joint plane e.g acromioclavicular joint

Question 43

what are the features of hte

Answer 43

Ligaments - Attach bone to bone - Stand alone or thicken areas of the capsule Synovial fluid - Produced by synovial membrane - Reduces friction - Shock absorber Articular disc or Meniscus - Fibrocartilage - Joint support - Shock absorber - Not in every joint