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KNS 480 > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

functions of cardiovascular system

A

works with the pulmonary system
> cardiopulmonary or cardiorespiratory system

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2
Q

purposes of CVS

A
  • O2
  • CO2
  • body temperature
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3
Q

adjustments of blood flow during exercise

A
  • cardiac output
  • blood flow
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4
Q

components of CVS

A
  • Heart
  • Blood Vessels
    > capillaries
    > arteries & arterioles
    > veins & venules
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5
Q

heart location

A

located in thoracic cavity
- in the mediastinum
- slight left lean (1/3 to right of sternum and 2/3 to left
- surround by a wall of pericardium

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6
Q

3 layers of heart

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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7
Q

right side of heart

A

pulmonary

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8
Q

left side of heart

A

systemic

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9
Q

myocardium

A

the heart wall, receives blood supply via coronary arteries

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10
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

heart injury when coronary blood flow is disrupted for more than several minutes leading to permanent damage to the heart tissue

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11
Q

heart muscle

A

-actin & myosin present
- shorter muscle fibers & branching
- single nuclei
- z discs present
- striated

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12
Q

skeletal muscle

A
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13
Q

protective effect of exercise

A

> Cardio-protection: reduces heart attack incidence
Damage Reduction: survival rate is higher in active vs. sedentary individuals

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14
Q

conduction system

A
  • SA node (pacemaker)
  • AV node
  • bundle branches (L & R)
  • purkinje fibers
    measured via ECG/EKG
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15
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

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16
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

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17
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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18
Q

diagnostic use of EKG during exercise

A

> graded exercise test to evaluate cardiac function
– observe ECG during exercise
– also observe changes in BP

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19
Q

atherosclerosis

A

– fatty plaque that narrows coronary arteries
– reduces blood flow to myocardium
» myocardial ischemia

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20
Q

S-T segment depression

A
  • suggests myocardial ischemia
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21
Q

systole

A

portion of cardiac cycle in which the ventricles are contracting

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22
Q

diastole

A

period of filling of the heart between contractions

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23
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

reduced blood flow to the myocardium

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24
Q

heart transplants

A

nerves have been cut and rely on hormones, you can exercise

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25
beta blockers
block hormone, keep HR low, lowers heart's response to norepinephrine and epinephrine
26
Ca2+ channel blockers
lessen contraction, ie: BP & heart attack
27
cardiac cycle changes with
pressure and volume
28
systolic BP
blood pressure generated as blood is ejected from the heart during ventricular systole
29
diastolic BP
blood pressure generated as the heart goes through ventricular relaxation
30
pulse pressure
the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP - DBP)
31
normotensive
120/80
32
hypotensive
90-/60-
33
hypertensive
140+/90+
34
mean arterial pressure
DBP + 0.33 (SBP-DBP) - used in clinical settings
35
factors that affect BP (increase in BP)
- increase in blood volume - increase in heart rate - increase in stroke volume - increase in blood viscosity - increase in peripheral resistance
36
short-term regulation of BP
- sympathetic nervous system - baroreceptors in aorta & carotid arteries > increase in BP = decreased SNS activity > decrease in BP = increased SNS activity
37
long term regulation of BP
- kidneys > via control of blood volume
38
cardiac output
Q= HR * SV - amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute Regulated by: contractility, venous return, end-diastolic volume, and average aortic BP
39
contractility
- modified by SNS and EDV/preload - frank- starling mechanism
40
venous return
- modified by skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump - increases EDV/preload
41
end-diastolic volume
modified by venous return, training and SNS
42
average aortic BP
- modifies ejection fraction which influences EDV, venous return, and contractility
43
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped per heartbeat - EDV- ESV - ejection fraction = SV/EDV - heavily influenced by sympathetic stimulation, increasing contractility
44
plasma
- liquid portion of blood - contains ions, proteins, hormones
45
red blood cells
erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen
46
white blood cells
leukocytes, important in preventing infection
47
platelets
- important in blood clotting
48
hematocrit
percentage of blood composed of cells
49
blood flow
- directly proportional to the pressure difference between the two ends of the system - inversely proportional to resistance
50
pressure
- proportional to the difference between MAP and right atrial pressure
51
resistance
depends upon: length of vessel, viscosity of the blood, radius of the vessel
52
sources of ventricular resisticance
- MAP decreases throughout the systemic circulation - largest drop occurs across the arterioles > arterioles = resistance vessels
53
oxygen delivery during exercise
Cardiac Output: modification to HR, SV, or both Redistribution of Blood: muscle/skin, vital organs Oxygen delivery: O2 to muscle
54
determinants of MAP
- cardiac output - total vascular resistance
55
CVD changes: SBP
increase with exercise
56
CVD changes DBP
stays the same
57
CVD changes MAP
slight increase
58
cvd changes: SV
increase to 40% then plateau
59
cvd changes Q
increase to about 40%
60
cvd changes HR
gradual increase
61
cvd changes a-vO2 diff
increase to about 50%
62
VO2 equation
cardiac output x A-V O2 difference
63
hydrotrophic cardiomyopathy
- septal hypertrophy - typically asymptomatic - associated with sudden cardiac death - disrupts electrical function - occurs in 0.2 - 0.5% of the population >> Hank Gathers
64
autoregulation
- O2 tension & CO2 tension > potassium > adenosine > pH > nitric oxide
65
HR & BP
- type, intensity, and duration of exercise - environmental condition - emotional influence
66
intermittent exercise
recovery of HR & BP depends on - fitness level - temperature & humidity - duration and intensity of exercise
67
incremental exercise
HR ( 75-200): rest to 100% VO2 SBP (110-210) Double product: HR x SBP
68
arm vs leg exercise
HR & BP are both higher in arm exercise
69
prolonged exercise
HR: increases SV: decreases Q: stays the same
70
heart rate regulation
- parasympathetic with-drawl at lower exercise intensity and sympathetic outflow at greater intensity

KNS 480 (10 decks)

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