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KNS 480 > pulmonary system > Flashcards

pulmonary system Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

respiratory system

A

pulmonary + cellular respiration

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2
Q

gas exchange

A
  • replacing O2
  • removing CO2
  • regulation of acid-base balance
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3
Q

ventilation

A

mechanical process of moving air into and out of lungs

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4
Q

diffusion

A

random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

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5
Q

structural organization

A

upper and lower respiratory tract

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6
Q

functional organization

A

conducting and respiratory zone

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7
Q

inspiration

A

active
- diaphragm contracts; vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity increase
- ribs are elevated and thoracic cavity widens
- inferior portion of sternum moves anteriorly and thoracic cavity expands
muscles: scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, external & internal intercostals, diaphragm

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8
Q

expiration

A

passive
- diaphragm relaxes; vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity narrow
- ribs are depressed and thoracic cavity narrows
- inferior portion of sternum moves posteriorly and thoracic cavity compresses
muscles: internal intercostals, external & internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis

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9
Q

do respiratory muscles fatigue during exercise?

A

yes, over 2 hours, over 80-100% VO2 max

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10
Q

do respiratory muscles adapt to training?

A

yes

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11
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

amount of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute (V)

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12
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air moved per breath (VT)

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13
Q

breathing frequency

A

number of breaths per minute ( V= VT x f)

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14
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone (VA)

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15
Q

dead-space ventilation

A

volume of air remaining in conducting airways (VD)
V= VA + VD

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16
Q

vital capacity

A

maximal volume of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration (VC)

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17
Q

Forced expiratory volume ( FEV1)

A

volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration

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18
Q

FEV1/VC ratio:

A

greater than or equal to 80% is normal

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19
Q

obstructive

A

due to increased airway resistance causing decreased expiratory outflow
> chronic bronchitis
- excessive mucus blocks airways
> emphysema
- airway collapse and increased resistance

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20
Q

increased work of breathing

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A
  • leads to shortness of breath
  • may interfere with exercise and activities of daily living
21
Q

constrictive

Study These Flashcards
A

due to increased airway resistance causing decrease inspiratory outflow

22
Q

exercise-induced asthma

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A
  • results in bronchospasm, narrowing of airways and increased work of breathing
  • shortness of breath (dyspnea)
  • during or immediately following exercise
  • may impair exercise performance
23
Q

dalton’s law

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A

the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert independently
- circuits. diffusion, and gas exchange are controlled by resistance, pressure and flow

24
Q

ventilation/perfusion

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A
  • indicates matching of blood flow to ventilation
    Ideal: 1.0 for ratio
    light exercise improves V/Q ratio
    Heavy exercise results in V/Q inequality
25
factors that affect dissociation
- pH - Temperature - 2,3 DPG
26
oxygen transport in muscle
Myoglobin (Mb) - shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria Mb has a higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin > even at low PO2 > allows Mb to store O2 --- O2 reserve for muscle
27
acid-base balance
pulmonary ventilation removes H+ from blood by the HCO3- reaction - increased ventilation results in CO2 exhalation > reduces PCO2 and H+ conc (pH increase) - decreased ventilation results in build up of CO2 > increases PCO2 and H+ conc (pH decrease)
28
exercise in a hot and humid environment
- VE drifts upward due to increased body - arterial PCO2 remains constant
29
changes in ventilation, blood gases, and pH during graded exercise
- linear increase in Ve up approximately 50 to 75% VO2 followed by exponential increase in VE - differences in arterial PO2 between the untrained individual versus elite trained distance runner - possible causes of exercise-induced hypoxemia due: 1.) V/Q mismatch; and/or short RBC transit time due to high cardiac output
30
submaximal exercise
primary drive: - higher brain centers fine tuned by - humoral chemoreceptors - neural feedback from muscle
31
heavy exercise
alinear rise in Ve - increasing blood H+ stimulates carotid bodies also K+ body temperature, and blood catecholamines may contribute
32
effect of training on ventilation during exercise
- no effect on lung structure and function at rest - normal lung exceeds demand for gas exchange - one exception: elite endurance athletes
33
pulmonary limitation during exercise
> low to moderate - pulmonary system not seen as a limitation > maximal - not thought to be a limitation in healthy people at sea level --- respiratory muscle fatigue does occur during high intensity exercise (> 90% VO2 max) > may be limiting in elite endurance athletes - 40-50% experience hypoxemia
34
metabolic acidosis
- gain in the amount of acid in the body - high intensity exercise ( above lactate threshold ) lasting > 30s - long term starvation > results in increased fat metabolism and elevated production of ketoacids - uncontrolled diabetes > results in high rates of fat metabolism and diabetic ketoacidosis
35
metabolic alkalosis
- loss of acids from the body - severe vomiting - kidney disease
36
H+ production during exercise
> production of CO2 - end product of oxidative phosphorylation > production of lactic acid - glucose metabolism via glycolysis > ATP breakdown during muscle contraction - results in release of H+
37
sport and exercise disturbances in acid-base balance
- high intensity exercise lasting > 45 sec produces large amounts of H+ - in some sports, risk of acid-base disturbance is directly linked to effort of the competitor > playing at 100% effort increases risk of acidosis > sprint to finish increases acidosis risk - acidosis can impair exercise performance > contributes to muscle fatigue > increasing blood buffering capacity may improve performance in some events
38
intracellular buffers
- proteins - phosphate groups - bicarbonate
39
extracellular buffers
- bicarbonate - hemoglobin - blood proteins
40
respiratory influence on acid-base balance
- carbonic acid dissociation equation - when pH decreases, H+ increases > reaction moves to the left > CO2 is removed by the lungs, eliminating H+ and increasing pH
41
acid-base balance via the kidneys
- important in long-term acid base balance > kidneys do not play a key role in acid-base during exercise - contribute at rest by regulating bicarbonate concentration in blood > when blood pH decreases, bicarbonate excretion is reduced > when blood pH increases, bicarbonate excretion is increased
42
acid-base balance during exercise
H+ production depends on: - exercise intensity - amount of muscle mass involved - duration of exercise Blood pH: - declines with increasing intensity of exercise Muscle pH: - declines with increasing intensity of exercise-muscle pH is lower than blood pH - muscle is site of H+ production and has lower buffering capacity
43
acid-base balance in exercise pt2
buffering of H+ muscle - 60% by intracellular proteins - 20-30% by muscle bicarbonate - 10-20% by intracellular phosphate groups Buffering of lactic acid - bicarbonate is major buffer > increases in lactic acid accompanied by decreases in bicarbonate and blood pH - hemoglobin and blood proteins play minor role - respiratory compensation for exercise-induced metabolic acidosis
44
ventilations steps
1, 8: pulmonary ventilation ((1)air containing O2 and air containing CO2(8) ) 2,7: alveolar gas exchange 3,6: gas transport 4,5: systemic gas exchange
45
O2 transport
- oxygen is transported via hemoglobin or dissolved in the blood - each HB can transport 1.34 ml O2
46
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
Deoxyhemoglobin + O2 >>> oxyhemoglobin - direction of reaction depends on: > PO2 of the blood > affinity between Hb and O2
47
effect of arterial PCO2 and PO2 on ventilation
PCO2: linear increase with increase in Ve PO2: inverse curvilinear
48
respiratory control centers
- brain stem: > pneumotaxic center > caudal pons > retrotrapezoid nucleus

KNS 480 (10 decks)

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