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Clinical Methods Test 1 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

apex of the heart

A

left ventricle at tapered tip

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2
Q

base of the heart

A

where right ventricle meets the pulmonary artery superiorly

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3
Q

great vessels of the heart (3)

A

pulmonary artery, aorta, SVC/IVC

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4
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right side

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5
Q

bicuspid

A

left side

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6
Q

Circulation of blood through the heart

A

SVC/IVC, Rt atrium, tricuspid valve, rt ventricle, pulm valve, pulm artery, lungs, left atrium, lt ventricle, aorta, rest of body

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7
Q

S1

A

MV & TV of heart closing. Beginning of systole.

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8
Q

S1 split

A

delay in tricuspid valve closure.

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9
Q

S2

A

AV & PV of heart closing. Beginning of diastole

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10
Q

S3

A

“S3 gallop” pathologic change in ventricular compliance.

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11
Q

Cause of S3 sound (4)

A

anemia, fever, pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis

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12
Q

S4

A

atrial contraction and happens before S1, Pathologic change in venricular compliance.

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13
Q

S4 Cause

A

noncompliant left ventricle

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14
Q

P2

A

Pulmonic valve closure

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15
Q

When does P2 happen?

A

With S2, AV closure.

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16
Q

Cause of Heart Murmors

A

turbulent blood flow. longer in duration. potential valvular disease

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17
Q

Valve abrnomalities (2)

A

stenotic valve (aortic stenosis) - harsh closing, regurgitant valve (aortic regurgitation) - failure to close fully casing leakage.

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18
Q

4 sites for heart sounds

A

Mitral, tricuspid, pulmonic, aortic

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19
Q

Mitral best heard at

A

apex, 4th to 5th ICS at midclavicular line (V4)

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20
Q

Tricuspid best heard at

A

4th LICS

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21
Q

Pulmonic best heard at

A

2nd LICS at sternal border

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22
Q

Aortic best heard at

A

2nd RICS at sternal border

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23
Q

Timing of P wave

A

up to 80ms

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24
Q

PR interval

A

120-200ms

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25
QRS complex
up to 100ms
26
Preload
load that stretches the cardiac muscle before contraction. Volume of blood in RV at end of diastole = preload for next beat
27
factors that increase preload
inspiraion, increased volume (Exercise), CHF
28
factors that decrease preload
exhilation, decreased lv output, pooling of blood in capillary bed/venous system.
29
myocardial contractility
ability of cardiac muscle when given a load, to shorten.
30
factors that increase contractility
sympathetic ns
31
factors that decrease contractility
blood flow or oxygen delivery to the myocardium is impaired
32
afterload
vascular resistance to ventricular contraction (tone in walls of arterial system)
33
JVP
jugular venous pressure
34
(right) JVP =
right atrial pressure
35
measurement of JVP
vertical distance above sternal angle
36
Cardiac Tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle (myocardium) and the outer covering sac of the heart
37
Causes of chest pain
angina, MI, dissecting aortic aneurysms
38
Palpitations
awareness of heartbeat
39
Dyspnea
awareness of breathing inappropriate to a given level of exertion
40
orthopnea
dyspnea when pt is laying down and improves when the pt is sitting up. Quantified by # of pillows patient sleeps with.
41
paroxsymal nocturnal dyspna (PND)
episodes of sudden dyspnea or orthopnea that awakens pt. can trigger need to go to window for air.
42
Obstructive sleep apnea
increased risk for cardiovascular disease
43
MET
Metabolic Equivalent of Task (1-12, 1 being eating, working at a computer, dressing, 12 being running rapidly for moderate to long distances)
44
History of Rheumatic Fever
look out for murmurs, valve disease
45
Non-modifiable cardiac risk factors
age, gender, heredity
46
Modifiable cardiac risk factors
tobacco, physical inactivity, obesity, htn, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, stress.
47
Target LDL levels
<100
48
4 techniques of physical exam
inspection, palpation, precussion, ascultation
49
mmHg to inflate bp cuff over when pulse disappears
30mmhg
50
Components of the CV Exam
JVP pulsations. Carotid upstrokes, presence of bruits. PMI (point of maximal impulse) and any heaves, lifts, or thrills. 1st & 2nd S1/S2. Extra heart souds: S3,S4. Cardiac murmurs
51
Thrill
humming vibration felt during palpation of a vessel
52
Bruit ('brewee'... it's french)
a mumur like sound of vascular other than carotid artery. Ask pt to hold breath and listen with the bell.
53
Examination of brachial artery
for pts with carotid obstructions.
54
PMI stands for
Point of maximal impulse
55
PMI represents
when LV contracts/touches chest wall
56
Anatomical location of PMI
V4
57
The bell is best for ____ pitched sounds
low. S3/S4 sounds and mitral stenosis, murmor
58
The diaphragm is best for ____ pitched sounds
high, S1,S2, murmurs of aortic and mitral regurgitation, pericardial function
59
The biggin' of the stethoscope is the ______
diaphragm
60
Systolic murmors
Between S1->S2
61
Diastolic murmors
Between S2->S1
62
Murmor scale intensity
graded on a 6 point scale 1= faint 6=very loud thrill
63
Aortic stenois sound
"Lub SHHHHH dub"
64
Aortic stenosis defined as
mid-systolic ejection murmor, heard best over aortic area, radiates to neck
65
Mitral stenosis
valve gets thick, stiff (heh), distorted because of rheumatic fever
66
Mitral valve prolapse
mid-systolic cclick, heard best over mitral valve
67
Mitral regurgitation
Pansystolic - valve is unable to contain blood within the ventricle during systole,
68
Mitral regurgitation cause
volume overload in LV can lead to dilatation and hypertrophy,
69
Tricuspid regurgitation = tall systolic C-V wave/loss of x dscent
valve fails to close completely during systole. Heard over left sternal border. cause: pulm HTN or LV failure.

Clinical Methods Test 1 (8 decks)

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