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Anatomy Final > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

function of cardiovascular system

A

to transport material to and from all the cells in the body

  • oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • nutrients
  • hormones
  • immune system components
  • waste products
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2
Q

components of cardiovascular system

A
  • heart: pump
  • blood vessels: conducting system
  • blood: fluid medium
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3
Q

pericardial sac

A

sac surrounding the heart that prevents friction between the heart and surrounding structures

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4
Q

right atrium

A

receives low O2 blood from upper and lower body via the superior and inferior vena cava

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5
Q

right ventricle

A
  • receives blood from right atrium

- pumps low O2 blood to the lungs via the right and left pulmonary arteries

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6
Q

left atrium

A

collects high O2 blood from lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins

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7
Q

left ventricle

A
  • receives blood from left atrium

- pumps high O2 blood to the body via the aorta

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8
Q

flow of blood thru heart

A

right atrium -> right ventricle -> lungs -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> body

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9
Q

structural differences between left and right ventricles

A

left ventricle:

  • larger
  • thicker and more powerful muscle

Why? must pump blood to entire body

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10
Q

system circuit of CV system

A

carries blood between heart and body

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11
Q

pulmonary circuit of CV system

A

carries blood between heart and lungs

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12
Q

vascular supply for the heart:

aorta gives rise to…

A

the left coronary artery and right coronary artery

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13
Q

vascular supply for the heart:

left coronary artery

A
  • branches into anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
  • supplies anterior and left regions of heart
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14
Q

vascular supply for the heart:

right coronary artery

A
  • branches into posterior interventricular artery and marginal artery
  • supplies the posterior and right regions of heart
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15
Q

vascular supply for the heart:

low O2 blood returns to right atrium via…

A

the coronary sinus which receives blood from great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein

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16
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A
  • between atria and ventricles
  • open to allow blood flow
  • close when ventricles contract
  1. right AV valve: tricuspid
  2. left AV valve: bicuspid (mitral)
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17
Q

papillary muscles

A
  • finger-like projections of trabeculae carnieae
  • attach to free edges of AV valves via chord tendineae
  • contract when ventricles contract in order to close the valves to prevent back flow of blood
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18
Q

pectinate muscles

A

bumpy ridges of muscles in the internal walls of the atria

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19
Q

semilunar valves

A
  • each have 3 cusps
  • open when ventricles contract
  • pressure of blood closes them when ventricles relax to prevent back flow of blood
  • have no muscular support
  1. pulmonic valve: b/w RV and pulmonary trunk
  2. arotic valve: b/w LV and aorta
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20
Q

fibrous skeleton

A
  • bands of CT around heart valves
  • attachment site for valves and cardiac muscle cells
  • electrical insulation b/w ventricular muscle cells and atrial muscle cells
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21
Q

cardiac muscle cell types

A
  1. conducting system cells: system of specialized cells that generate action potentials (spontaneous)
  2. contractive cells: cells that contract to pump the blood out of the heart (99% of cardiac muscle cells)
22
Q

components of conducting system

A
  1. sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. conducting cells: carry action potentials thru chambers
    • in atria: internodal branches
    • in ventricles: AV Bundle (of His) and purkinje fibers
23
Q

impulse conduction thru the heart

A
  1. cells in SA node (pacemaker cells) initiate action potential (fast and spontaneous)
  2. stimulus spreads via internodal branches in the atrial myocardium to the AV node
  3. meanwhile the atria contract and blood flow from atria to ventricles
  4. stimulus travels from AV node via the AV bundle to the apex of the heart
  5. stimulus is carried to purkinje fibers and then transferred to the contractile muscle cells
  6. ventricles contract beginning at apex
  7. blood flows from LV to aorta to the body and from RV to pulmonary trunk to the lungs
24
Q

autonomic regulation

A
  • influences the rate of contraction (heart rate) by innervating the SA node
    • parasympathetic: reduced heart rate
    • sympathetic: increases heart rate
  • influences force of contraction (heart beat) by innervating contractive cardiac muscles
    • parasympathetic: decr. force of contraction
    • sympathetic: incr. force of contraction
25
Q

5 classes of blood vessels

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. veins
26
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from heart

- most carry oxygenated blood

27
Q

arterioles

A
  • smallest branches of arteries

- site of vasoconstriction

28
Q

capillaries

A
  • smallest blood vessels

- exchange site of nutrients and waste b/w blood and cells

29
Q

venules

A
  • smallest branches of veins

- collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries

30
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood back to heart

- most carry deoxygenated blood

31
Q

3 layers of blood vessel walls

A
  1. tunica intima: inner layer; endothelial + CT
  2. tunica media: middle; smooth muscle
  3. tunica externa: outer; CT
32
Q

structure of arteries

A
  • thick walls

- small lumen to withstand high BP

33
Q

structure of veins

A
  • thin wall
  • large lumen
  • venous valves to prevent back flow of blood
34
Q

structure of arterioles

A

contain same 3 layers but are smaller and thinner than arteries

35
Q

structure of venules

A
  • lack a tunica media

- layers are thinner than veins

36
Q

structure of capillaries

A
  • wall is only composed of an endothelial cell lining internal to a basement membrane (basal lamina)
  • walls must be thin for diffusion of nutrients out of and wastes into the capillaries
37
Q

autonomic nervous system regulation of blood vessels

A
  • only sympathetic nerves innervate blood vessel smooth muscle
  • sympathetic NS stimulation causes vasoconstriction
    • contraction of smooth muscle in tunica media
    • decr. diameter of lumen
  • sympathetic NS inhibition causes vasodilation
    • relaxation of smooth muscle
    • incr. diameter of lumen
38
Q

collateral circulation

A
  • blood can reach most regions of body via more than 1 route
  • this is because during development, vessels fuse to form anastomatic connections
  • important because if 1 route is blocked, other routes can deliver blood
39
Q

example of collateral circulation:

capillary beds

A
  • capillary beds receive blood from multiple arteries called collateral arteries
  • if one is blocked, circulation continues
  • entrance to each bed is controlled by a pre capillary sphincter
40
Q

arterial system

A
  • a high blood pressure, low volume system*
  • heart arteries and capillaries contain 30-35% of blood volume
  • purpose of cardiovascular regulation is to maintain adequate blood flow thru capillaries in peripheral tissues and organs
41
Q

venous system

A
  • a low blood pressure, high volume system*
  • blood pressure is so low in veins that it can’t overcome force of gravity
  • overcomes gravity by using the contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle to move the blood up to the heart
  • venous valves prevent back flow
  • contains 65-70% of blood volume
42
Q

venous valves

A
  • only found in limb veins
  • closed valves prevent back flow
  • contraction of skeletal muscles close/open valves to assist in venous return
43
Q

platelets

A
  • cell fragments from megakaryocytic
  • involved in blood clotting
  • release important clotting chemicals
44
Q

red blood cells

“erythrocytes”

A
  • transport oxygen
  • most numerous cells in the body
  • very flexible
  • no organelles
  • contain hemoglobin which binds and carries oxygen
  • mature in red bone marrow
45
Q

white blood cells

“leukocytes”

A
  • fight infection
  • do not have hemoglobin
  • contain nucleus and other organelles
  • most are in CT or lymphoid organs
  • provide defense
  • mature in red bone marrow
46
Q

5 types of WBC

A

nonspecific defense:

  1. neutrophils (50-70%)
  2. eosinophils (2-4%)
  3. basophils (<1%)
  4. monocytes

specific defense:
5. lymphocytes (20-30%)

47
Q

neutrophils

A
  • chemically neutral
  • most numerous WBC
  • highly mobile, first attack bacteria
48
Q

eosinophils

A
  • attack parasites by exocytosis
  • associated with allergic reactions
  • attracted to sites of injury
49
Q

basophils

A
  • contain granulles
  • release histamine during inflammation to dilute BV
  • release heparin to prevent blood clotting
50
Q

monocytes

A

-enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages which phagocytose large particles and pathogens

51
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • associated with specific defense aka immune response
  • mostly in CT and lymphatic organs
  • two types: B and T cells

Anatomy Final (5 decks)

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