Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Situs inversus

Answer 1

Mirror image of all vicera

Caused by leftward loop of the heart tube

Question 2

3 components of embryonic vascular system

Answer 2

1. Umbilical circulation
2. Vitelline system
3. Cardinal systems

Question 3

Umbilical circulation

Answer 3

Brings blood to and from the placenta

Question 4

Vitelline system

Answer 4

Brings blood to and from the yolk sac

Question 5

Cardinal system

Answer 5

Brings blood to embryo proper

Question 6

Anastomes

Answer 6

Connection created by tubular structures (i.e blood vessels)

Question 7

Ductus venosus

Answer 7

Connects left umbilical vein and right vitelline vein

Question 8

Supracardinal system becomes ______ and leaves its legacy as ________

Answer 8

Hemizygous vein, azygous vein

Question 9

Brachiocephalic vein

Answer 9

Allow left sided vessels to drain into SVC and then right side of the heart

Question 10

Right horn of sinus venosus becomes _____ in mature heart

Answer 10

Incorporated into body of right atrium

Question 11

Sinoatrial ring becomes _______ in mature heart

Answer 11

Contributes to sinus node

Question 12

Left horn of sinus venosus becomes _______ in mature heart

Answer 12

Coronary sinus

Question 13

Fate of 1st aortic arch

Answer 13

Regresses completely

Question 14

Fate of 2nd aortic arch

Answer 14

Regresses completely

Question 15

Fate of 5th aortic arch

Answer 15

Never forms

Question 16

Fate of 3rd aortic arch

Answer 16

Common and internal carotid arteries

Question 17

Fate of 4th aortic arch

Answer 17

L: arch of aorta
R: right subclavian artery

Question 18

Fate of 6th aortic arch

Answer 18

L: proximal pulmonary artery, ductus venosus
R: regresses

Question 19

Dominant ventricle in fetal life

Answer 19

Right

Question 20

Site of oxygenation in the fetus

Answer 20

Placenta

Question 21

Ventricles are working in _______ during fetal life

Answer 21

Parallel

Question 22

Systemic pressure in fetal life is

Answer 22

Low

Question 23

In fetal life, the left and right sides of circulation communicate through:

Answer 23

1. Foramen ovale

2. Ductus arteriosus

Question 24

Oxygen tension in the fetal heart is

Answer 24

Very low

Question 25

Ductus dependent conditions

Answer 25

1. Pulmonic stenosis 2. Preductal coarctation of the aorta 3. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Question 26

TAPVC

Answer 26

Connection between the left atrium and common pulmonary vein fails to develop or becomes atretic

Question 27

Persistent truncus arteriosus communis

Answer 27

Aplasia of the conal, truncal, and sometimes aorticopulmonary septum

Question 28

Vascular ring

Answer 28

Trachea and esophagus are encircled and partially obstructed

Question 29

PDA

Answer 29

Ductus arteriosus fails to constrict at the time of birth

Question 30

Coarctation of the aorta

Answer 30

Narrowing in the descending aorta which obstructs flow

Question 31

3 types of coarctation of the aorta

Answer 31

1. Juxtaductal 2. Preductal 4. Postductal

Question 32

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome consists of:

Answer 32

1. Mitral atresia 2. Aortic atresia 3. Both

Question 33

TGA

Answer 33

Aorta arises from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle

Question 34

Balloon atrial septostomy

Answer 34

Non-operative | ASD is created to allow mixing of saturated and desaturated blood

Question 35

Tricuspid atresia

Answer 35

No opening exists in the tricuspid valve | Blood> RA > LA > LV

Question 36

Interventricular foramen in mature heart

Answer 36

Aortic vestibule

Question 37

4 important steps below the heart in systemic venous system development

Answer 37

1. Liver begins developing 2. Oxygenated blood to ductus venosus 3. Subcardinal system arises 4. Supracardinal system establishes anastomoses with other venous networks

Question 38

Brachiocephalic vein

Answer 38

Allows left-sided vessels to drain into the SVC and then right side of the heart

Question 39

Right horn of sinous venosus in mature heart

Answer 39

Incorporated into body of right atrium

Question 40

Sinoatrial ring in mature heart

Answer 40

Sinus node

Question 41

Left horn of sinus venosus in mature heart

Answer 41

Coronary sinus

Question 42

L-TGA

Answer 42

Primary heart tube loops to the left rather than the right resulting in ventricular inversion

Question 43

Situs inversus

Answer 43

Develop with all viscera in L to R orientation

Question 44

3 types of ASD

Answer 44

1. Ostium secundum 2. Ostium primum 3. Sinus venosus

Question 45

4 types of VSD

Answer 45

1. Membranous 2. Supracristal 3. Posterior located 4. Muscular

Question 46

4 features of complete AV canal

Answer 46

1. Ostium primum ASD 2. Posteriorly located VSD 3. Abnormal mitral/ tricuspid valve 4. Single common AV valve (incompetent)

Question 47

Cause of TOF

Answer 47

Result of malposition if conal septum so that it unequally partitions the outflow tract of the heart leading to small pulmonary outflow tract and large aorta

Question 48

Cause of DORV

Answer 48

Cono-truncal region of the heart fails to shift medially as its being partitioned -- outflow to the aorta and lungs continues to be from the right ventricle

Question 49

Cause of PTAC

Answer 49

Aplasia of the truncal, conal, and sometimes aoricopulmoanary septum

Question 50

Cause of AP window

Answer 50

Aorticopulmonary septum is missing

Question 51

Cause of pulmonic stenosis

Answer 51

Excessive fusion of the pulmonary valve cusps | Dysplasia of valve tissue

Question 52

Cause of TAPVC

Answer 52

Connection between the LA and common pulmonary vein fails to develop or becomes atretic