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NCLEX > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Left side heart valves

A
  1. Bicuspid

2. Mitral

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2
Q

Right side heart valve

A
  1. Tricuspid
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3
Q

Location of the Pulmonic Valve

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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4
Q

Location of the Aortic valve

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta

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5
Q

Electrical conduction pathway

A
  1. SA Node (pacemaker)
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of HIS
  4. R and L bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibres
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6
Q

Troponin I - normal level

A

Less than .06 ng/mL

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7
Q

Troponin T - normal level

A

Less than 0.1 ng/mL

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8
Q

Function of myoglobin

A

Oxygen binding protein

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9
Q

Normal serum cholesterol level

A

Less than 200 mg/dL

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10
Q

Normal LDL level

A

Less than 130 mg/dL

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11
Q

Normal HDL level

A

30-70 mg/dL

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12
Q

ECG - small squares =

A

.04 seconds

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13
Q

ECG - large squares =

A

.20 seconds

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14
Q

PR interval =

A

.12-.20 seconds (3-5 small boxes)

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15
Q

QRS complex =

A

.04-.10 seconds (1.5-3 small boxes)

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16
Q

Holter monitoring

A

Monitors the heart, client wears while carrying out ADLs

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17
Q

Echocardiography

A

Looks at the structure of the heart using ultrasound.

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18
Q

Digital subtraction angiography

A

X-ray combined with fluoroscopy for visualization of the cardiovascular system. Contrast dye is used.

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19
Q

Transmyocardial revascularization

A

High powered laser cuts 20-24 channels in the left ventricle, blood enters through these channels providing the effected part of the heart with blood and oxygen.

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20
Q

Premature ventricular contracts

A

Early ventricular contractions resulting from increase irritability of the ventricles. Can be cause by hypokalemia.

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21
Q

Cardioversion

A

Synchronized shock to convert an unstable rhythm to a stable one. Synchronized with the R wave.

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22
Q

Defibrillation

A

Used to treat VT or VF

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23
Q

PTCA

A

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty - used to treat coronary artery disease.

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24
Q

Anterior wall or septal MI, what is obstructed?

A

The left anterior descending artery.

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25
Posterior wall or lateral wall MI, what is obstructed?
The circumflex artery.
26
Inferior wall MI, what is obstructed?
The right coronary artery.
27
Cariogenic shock
Failure of the heart to pump adequately, thereby reducing cardiac output and compromising tissue perfusion. Results in up to 40% necrosis of the left ventricle.
28
Signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock
1. Hypotension <90mmHg systolic 2. Urine output <30mL per hour 3. Cold, clammy skin 4. Decreased peripheral pulses 5. Pulmonary congestion 6. Tachypnea 7. Disorientation, restlessness and confusion
29
Cardiac Tamponade
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Restricts ventricular filling resulting in reduced cardiac output. Treated with a pericardiocentesis.
30
Raynaud's disease
Vasospasm of arterioles and arteries of the upper and lower extremities. Attacks are intermittent and occur with exposure to cold or stress.
31
Buerger's disease
Occlusive disease of the median and small arteries and veins. Blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked with clots. Can lead to infection and gangrene.
32
Symptoms of cariogenic shock
1. Decrease in BP 2. Tachycardia 3. CVP increases due to backup of fluid 4. Dysrhythmias due to decreased oxygen levels.
33
Ventricular tachycardia (on the ECG)
No P waves present, wide QRS complex and a heart rate of 140-180 bpm.
34
Symptoms of AF
Low cardiac output due to a lack of atrial contraction. Symptoms include: 1. Hypotension 2. Fatigue 3. Weakness & dizziness
35
How many joules are used when defibrillating a patient?
360 joules
36
During cardiac catheterization what diabetic medication is withheld?
Metformin.
37
Atrial Flutter - on an ECG
1. No P waves 2. regular R waves 3. sawtooth F wave
38
PVC - Premature Ventricular contractions - on ECG
1. Occur repetitively | 2. QRS can be uni- or vari-focal
39
Ventricular Tachycardia - on ECG
1. Wide QRS complex 2. No P waves 3. 120-150 BPM
40
Ventricular Fibrillation - on ECG
1. Irregular rhythm 2. No P Wave 3. QRS Complex
41
1st Degree Heart Block - on ECG
1. P & R waves regular | 2. Long PR interval
42
Heart Block
Electrical conduction signal is slowed or disrupted as it moves through the heart. 1st degree - long PR interval 2nd degree - skipped beats 3rd degree - limits the ability to pump blood and can be fatal.
43
Symptoms of Arterial ulcer
1. Pale deep base 2. Cool skin Caused by tissue ischemia due to inadequate blood supply.
44
Venous status ulcer - appearance and cause
Appears dark red, brown skin and localized edema. Caused by accumulation of waste products due to venous congestion.
45
Hyperkalemia - appearance on ECG
Tall T waves
46
Hypokalemia - appearance on ECG
Lowered ST segment
47
Management of DVT includes:
1. Bed rest 2. Limb elevation 3. Warm moist heat compress 4. Analgesia (tylenol)
48
Sclerotherapy
Injection of sclerosing agent into a varicose vein which damages the vessel causing thrombosis and closing the vessel.
49
Bundle branch block - on ECG
Widened QRS complex
50
Variant angina
Vasospasm which at the same time of day without exertion. Treated with calcium channel blockers.
51
Function of Calcium in heart contractility
Calcium enters the heart during depolarization, exits during depolarization. Low Calcium levels can lead to cardiac arrest.
52
Symptoms of Hypothermia
Low BP and Pulse
53
Symptoms of DVT
1. Warm and red leg 2. Low grade fever 3. Tenderness 4. Dilated veins
54
Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease
1. Exercise 2. Warmth (blanket) 3. Pain relief 4. Foot care 5. Nutrition
55
Types of edema
1 + : mild pitting, slight indentation, no swelling 2+ : moderate pitting, indentation subsides rapidly 3+ : deep pitting, indentation remains a short time, leg swelling 4+ : very deep pitting, indentation remains long time, leg very swollen
56
How many joules are used initially for cardioversion?
50-100 joules
57
Pain assessment questions
1. Location 2. Intensity 3. Duration 4. Precipitating & alleviating factors 5. Associated symptoms
58
Ventricular tachycardia treatment at bedside
Cough CPR
59
Polycythemia vera
Bone marrow condition causing excessive production of WBC, RBC and platelets. Risk of thrombosis.
60
Normal Cardiac Output
4-7 liters per minute.

NCLEX (48 decks)

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