Cardiovascular System

Question 1

How many chambers are there in the heart?

Answer 1

4 - R/L ventricle and R/L atria

Question 2

Which chambers of the heart are bigger? Which has more pressure and thicker walls?

Answer 2

Ventricles are bigger and have thicker walls and more pressure to pump blood around the whole body

Question 3

What are the main 4 blood vessels in the heart? What kind of blood do they carry and where do they lead?

Answer 3

Vena cava - deoxygenated blood to right atrium
Pulmonary vein - oxygenated blood to left atrium
Pulmonary artery - leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to lungs
Aorta - leaves left ventricle with oxygenated blood to the body

Question 4

What is the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 4

The way the heart contracts - beat starts in the heart itself so is myogenic

Question 5

What are the 6 parts of the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 5

1 - sinoatrial node (SAN)
2 - down atrium walls
3 - atrioventricular node (AVN)
4 - bundle of his
5 - bundle branches 
6 - purkyne fibres
7 - ventricles contract

Question 6

What’s is anaerobic exercise? Give a sporting example

Answer 6

Work that doesn’t use oxygen

E.g. 100m sprint

Question 7

What is aerobic exercise? Give a sporting example

Answer 7

Work with oxygen

E.g. 10,000m run, marathon, football midfielder

Question 8

Why is the heart referred to as a dual pump system?

Answer 8

Because it has 2 desperate pumps working simultaneously - the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Remember left and right side are reversed!

Question 9

What is the first stage of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 9

Diastole

Relaxation/filling stage lasting 0.5 secs
Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium from vena cava
Oxygenated blood enters left atrium from pulmonary veins
Rising blood pressure forces blood into ventricles through tricuspid and bicuspid valves

Question 10

What is the second stage of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 10

Atrial systole

Contraction of the atria to force blood into ventricles

Question 11

What is the third stage of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 11

Ventricular systole
Contraction of ventricles
Blood is forces out to the body and the lungs
Bicuspid and tricuspid valves remain shut to prevent blood backflow

Question 12

What is the term for when the contraction of the heart is not synchronised?

Answer 12

Fibrillation

Question 13

What is the sympathetic system?

Answer 13

Part of the nervous system that speeds up heart rate

Question 14

What is the parasympathetic system?

Answer 14

Part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

Question 15

What is the medulla oblongata?

Answer 15

Most important part of the brain that regulates processes that keep us alive

E.g. breathing and heart beat

Question 16

What 2 parts is the nervous system made of?

Answer 16

1 - CNS (brain and spinal chord)

2 - peripheral nervous system - nerve impulses that transmit info to/from CNS

Question 17

What is the cardiac control centre stimulated by?

Answer 17

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors

Question 18

What are chemoreceptors?

Answer 18

Tiny structures in cartoid arteries that detect changes in blood acidity due to CO2 concentration

Question 19

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 19

Sensors in tissue in aortic arch and vessels that detect changes in blood pressure

Question 20

What are proprioreceptors?

Answer 20

Nerve endings in muscles, tendons and joins that detect changes in muscle movement

Question 21

What is the technical name for coronary heart disease? What is the name for the fatty deposit that builds up?

Answer 21

Atherosclerosis

Atheroma

Question 22

What increases the risk of atherosclerosis?

Answer 22

High blood pressure
High level of cholesterol
Lack of exercise
Smoking

Question 23

What is adrenaline?

Answer 23

A stress hormone released by the sympathetic nervous system by during exercise. It increases cardiac output

Question 24

What is acetylcholine?

Answer 24

Stress hormone released by parasympathetic nervous system - decreases cardiac output

Question 25

What is venus return?

Answer 25

Volume of blood returning to heart from the veins

Question 26

What is stroke volume?

Answer 26

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart per stroke

Question 27

What is cardiac output?

Answer 27

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

Question 28

What is starling’s law?

Answer 28

Increased venous return ➡️ greater diastolic filling of the heart ➡️ cardiac muscle stretched ➡️ more force of contraction ➡️ increased ejection fraction

Question 29

What is ejection fraction?

Answer 29

Percentage of blood pumped out the left ventricle per beat

Question 30

What is it called when the heart becomes bigger and stronger?

Answer 30

Cardiac hypertrophy

Question 31

What is cardiovascular drift?

Answer 31

A progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure combined with a progressive rise in heart rate. It occurs during prolonged exercise

Question 32

What % of oxygen binds to haemoglobin? How many molecules of oxygen bind to haemoglobin?

Answer 32

1 - 97% | 2 - 4 molecules

Question 33

When/why is oxygen released? What happens to CO2?

Answer 33

Oxygen is released at tissues due to low pressure of oxygen. CO2 diffuses opposite direction due to low pressure of CO2 in blood

Question 34

What is the release of oxygen from haemoglobin called?

Answer 34

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation

Question 35

How is oxygen stored in muscles?

Answer 35

Myoglobin

Question 36

What happens to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve during exercise? What is this called?

Answer 36

The whole curve shifts to the right. This is called Bohr shirt

Question 37

What are the three venous return mechanisms? What do they do?

Answer 37

1 - skeletal muscle pump 2 - the respiratory pump 3 - pocket valves They help venous return during exercise

Question 38

How does the skeletal muscle pump increase venous return?

Answer 38

Muscles around veins contract and press on the veins, , causing a pumping effect an squeezing blood towards the heart

Question 39

How does the respiratory pump increase venous return?

Answer 39

During breathing pressure changes occur in the chest and stomach. These changes compress nearby veins and assist blood returning to the heart

Question 40

How do the pocket valves increase venous return?

Answer 40

It is important blood does not flow backwards, so the valves snap shut to prevent blood backflow

Question 41

What is the term to describe a heart rate that is below 60 beats per minute?

Answer 41

Bradycardia

Question 42

Why may trained and untrained performers have similar cardiac outputs in certain activities?

Answer 42

``` Trained - high SV low heart rate Untrained - low SV high heart rate Balances out Different physiques Not specialised at activity ```

Question 43

What causes Bohr’s shift?

Answer 43

Increase in blood temperature Partial pressure of CO2 increases Decrease in pH Demand for oxygen increased so dissociates faster

Question 44

What do you need to write about in a long answer question?

Answer 44

A01 - knowledge (what the things in the question are) A02 - application (how it helps the performer) A02 - how it helps performance