Skill Aquisition

Question 1

What is an open skill?

Answer 1

A skill performed in an unpredictable environment
Adaptable
Football tackle

Question 2

What is a closed skill?

Answer 2

A skill preformed in a predictable environment
Repeatable
Free throw

Question 3

What is a discrete skill?

Answer 3

A skill with a clear beginning and ending
Know when finished
Free throw

Question 4

What is a continuous skill?

Answer 4

A skill with no obvious start and finish
Performer chooses length
Dribbling

Question 5

What is a serial skill?

Answer 5

A skill with several distinct elements
Joined to make 1 skill
Triple jump

Question 6

What is a fine skill?

Answer 6

A skill involving small body movements
Specific body parts
Table tennis serve
Archery

Question 7

What is a gross skill?

Answer 7

A skill that uses large muscle groups and movements
Body feint football
Butterfly stroke

Question 8

What is a self paced skill?

Answer 8

You control when the skill starts
Free throw
Tennis serve

Question 9

What is an externally paced skill?

Answer 9

A skill where the start is determined by the environment
Reaction
Header
Change over athletics

Question 10

What is a simple skill?

Answer 10

Little concentration required
Straight forward
10,000m
Walking

Question 11

What is a complex skill?

Answer 11

Requires lots of concentration
Large attention span
Dangerous
Somersault

Question 12

What is a high organisation skill?

Answer 12

Can’t be broken down
Practiced as a whole action
Golf swing
Bicycle kick

Question 13

What is a low organisation skill?

Answer 13

Can be broken down
Practice specific parts
Lay up

Question 14

What is transfer of learning?

Answer 14

The effect learning and performing one skill has on learning a new skill

Question 15

What are the 4 types of transfer?

Answer 15

Positive
Negative
Zero
Bilateral

Question 16

What is a positive transfer?

Answer 16

Helps learning of a new skill

Chest pass netball ➡️ chest pass bball

Question 17

What is a negative transfer?

Answer 17

When learning of one skill hinders learning of another skill
Badminton forehand ➡️ tennis forehand
Netball shot ➡️ bball shot

Question 18

What is a zero transfer?

Answer 18

When learning of one skill has no impact on learning of another
Skiing ➡️ boules
Football shot ➡️ somersault

Question 19

What is a bilateral transfer?

Answer 19

When learning of a skill is passed across the body

Right hand dribble ➡️ left hand dribble

Question 20

What is visual guidance? What are the advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 20

Guidance that can be seen
Creates mental picture with observation
Demo must be accurate
Advantages - shows what skill looks like, highlights specific weakness
Disadvantages - demo must be accurate, can lead to overload of information

Question 21

What is verbal guidance? What are the advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 21

An explanation
Info must be clear and accurate
Language/terminology relevant to group
Immediately after performance
Advantages - can be given after performance, translate info easily
Disadvantages - overload of info, novice may not understand terminology, some movements hard to explain

Question 22

What is manual guidance? What are the advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 22

Physical support from coach
Placed in right position
Supported
Advantages - good for novice, builds confidence, eliminates danger
Disadvantages - lack of intrinsic feedback, performer can become reliant on help

Question 23

What is mechanical guidance? What are the advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 23

Use of an artificial aid
Swimming float, trampoline harness
Advantages - builds confidence- allows success, eliminates danger, develops kinaesthetic awareness
Disadvantages - performer can become over reliant, loss of motivation if can do it without aid

Question 24

What are the three methods of presenting practice?

Answer 24

Whole practice method
Progressive part
Whole part whole

Question 25

What is the whole practice method?

Answer 25

Skill practiced in its entirety No attempt to break it down Simple, closed, self paced, discrete - swimming dive GK save Advantages - kinaesthetic awareness, develop own schema (set of instructions) Disadvantages - difficult for novice, not for dangerous skills

Question 26

What is the progressive part practice method?

Answer 26

Attempting skill in phases Link each phase after learning Complex, externally paced, low organisation (triple jump, javelin) Advantages - keeps links between parts, novice success, reduces fatigue Disadvantages - time consuming, negative transfer, must learn whole skill right

Question 27

What is the whole part whole practice method?

Answer 27

Complete skill as a whole, practice weakness then add it back in Complex, quick skills, experienced performer Advantages - shows weakness, corrects weakness Disadvantages - time consuming, some can be broken down

Question 28

What is massed practice?

Answer 28

Performer works continuously and gets little breaks Advantages - less time, good for elite practice, muscle memory Disadvantages - must be very motivated, high fitness

Question 29

What is distributed practice?

Answer 29

Performer allowed breaks between performances Advantages - breaks allow recovery, can give feedback and guidance Disadvantages - time consuming, disrupts rhythm

Question 30

What is varied practice?

Answer 30

Changing the drill and type of practice so players can adapt skill to changing environment Advantages - maintains motivation, changing environment Disadvantages - time consuming, negative transfer, fatigue

Question 31

What is mental practice?

Answer 31

``` Going over skill in your mind without movement Must be combined with physical practice Improves confidence Lowers anxiety External - picture yourself doing it Internal - thinking about how it feels ```

Question 32

What is learning?

Answer 32

A permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of practice

Question 33

What is performance?

Answer 33

A temporary occurrence influenced by environment

Question 34

What are the 3 stages of learning?

Answer 34

``` Cognitive stage (beginner) Associative stage (intermediate) Autonomous stage (elite) ```

Question 35

What is the cognitive stage of learning?

Answer 35

``` Thinking and working out Copying instructions and demos Movements slow and uncoordinated Trial and error Develop schema ```

Question 36

What is the associative stage of learning?

Answer 36

``` Longer duration Become accomplished performer Required repeated practice Start to compare technique to professionals Smoother and more techniques ```

Question 37

What is the autonomous stage of learning?

Answer 37

Reached after effective practice Practice must continue to stay in this stage Actions are fluent Motor programme and schema fully developed Performer classed as expert at skill