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PHYSCI 166 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What are the circulatory system components?

A

• Fluid • Pump – (does not necessarily mean a heart) • Conduits

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2
Q

What are examples of pumps that are not hearts?

A

Sponges and their beating flagella, or the extrinsic muscle pumps found in grasshoppers or sea stars

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3
Q

Describe how extrinsic muscle pumps work.

A

a collection of skeletal muscles that aid the heart in the circulation of blood.

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4
Q

What are the connective elements of a horse?

A

Perissodactyls

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5
Q

What are connective element examples?

A

• Perissodactyls (horses) • Thin legs that do not have enough muscle mass to act as a pump • Rely on a cartilaginous plate- cuneus ungulae (frog) • With every step the ungulae pushes on the cushioning tissue to push the blood upward through the veins

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6
Q

What kind of connective elements do frogs have?

A

cuneus ungulae

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7
Q

Which animals have a peristaltic heart?

A

Earthworms

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8
Q

What is a peristaltic heart

A

Muscles around the blood vessels contract to push the fluid

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9
Q

What is a chambered heart?

A

• More familiar animals •Muscle with atria and ventricles

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10
Q

What are auxiliary hearts?

A

• Heart with pulsatile organ boost flow to wings • Septa boost flow through the legs

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11
Q

What are the two types of circulations in the cardiovascular system?

A

• Systemic circulation – Delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the body • Pulmonary circulation – Delivers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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12
Q

Describe systemic circulation

A

Delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

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13
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A

Delivers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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14
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A

• Right atrium • Right ventricle • Left atrium • Left ventricle

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15
Q

What Separates the right and left ventricle?

A

The interventricular septum

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16
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A

• Tricuspid valve • Bicuspid valve • Pulmonary valve • Aortic valve

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17
Q

Where is the tricuspid valves?

A

Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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18
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve?

A

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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19
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

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20
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

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21
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

Prevents back flow of the blood

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22
Q

What are the blood vessels of the heart?

A

• Superior vena cava • Inferior vena cava • Pulmonary trunk • Pulmonary veins • Aorta

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23
Q

What is the function of the super vena cava?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from all structures above diaphragm

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24
Q

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from all structures below diaphragm

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25
What is the function of the pulmonary trunk?
Takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
26
What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
Bring back oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
27
What is the function of the aorta?
Delivers oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body
28
Blood travels to the heart to what?
Through the superior and the inferior vena cavae to the right atrium
29
Blood goes from the right atrium to what?
Through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
30
Blood goes from the right ventricle to what?
To the lung through the pulmonary trunk passing through the pulmonary valve (pulmonary circulation)
31
Blood goes from the lungs to what?
The blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins (two from each lung)
32
Blood goes from the left atrium what?
The left atrium to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve
33
Blood goes from the Left ventricle to what?
to the aorta through the aortic valve to be delivered to the whole body (systemic circulation)
34
What is pulmonary circulation?
When the blood travels to the lung through the pulmonary trunk passing through the pulmonary valve
35
What is systemic circulation?
When the blood travels to the aorta through the aortic valve to be delivered to the whole body
36
What is the heart?
A cardiac muscle tissue that is constantly contracting (heart beat)
37
What is a heart beat?
The contraction of the heart
38
How does the heart contract?
Through specialized cells called pacemaker cells that generate their own electrical activities
39
Where is the sinoatrial node (SA) located?
The right atrium
40
Where is atrioventricular node (AV) located?
On the interatrial septum
41
Where is the bundle of His located?
Located on the interventricular septum
42
Where is purkinje fibers located?
Located on the ventricular walls
43
What are the cardiac muscle cells?
• Electrical cells • Contractile cells (99%)
44
What do cardiac muscle fibers look like?
45
What do muscle fibers contain?
• Intercalated discs • Plasma membranes • Desmosome • Gap junction • Action potential
46
Pacemaker Activity includes what?
• Resting potential • Threshold • Rising phase • Peak • Falling phase
47
Pacemaker graph
48
When does the cardiac membrane become depolarized and how?
When Na permeability increases. Through funny channels
49
What causes T type (transient) Ca channels to open?
The slow depolarization of the cardiac membrane.
50
What does the influx of calcium cause?
It causes L-type Ca channels to open leading to the rising phase of the action potential
51
When do volted gated K channels open? What does it lead to?
It opens when L-type Ca channels to open leading to the rising phase of the action potential. Leads to repolarization of the membrane
52
The cardiac action potential consists of what?
• Resting potential • Threshold • Rising phase • Plateau • Falling phase
53
Cardiac Action potential graph
54
Describe the cardiac action potential.
• The depolarization activates the voltage gated sodium channels • Rapid depolarization occurs • VGSCs inactivate and close • Membrane remains depolarized
55
Describe Excitation Contraction Coupling
• Similar to skeletal muscle – Ca release binds to troponin – Troponin/tropomysin complex slides away from actin – Myosin binds to actin – Cross bridges occur
56
What does the electrocardiogram do?
Records the the electrical activities of the heart
57
What is an ECG?
Another name for Electrocardiogram
58
What is the P wave in an ECG?
It is the atrial depolarization
59
What is the QRS complex in an ECG?
It is the ventricular contraction
60
What is the T wave in an ECG?
It is ventricular repolarization
61
What is the AV complex in an ECG?
Nodal delay
62
What is the ST complex in an ECG?
Plateau phase
63
What is the TP complex in an ECG?
No activity
64
What is cardiac output formula?
CO = HR x SV
65
What is cardiac output?
CO is the volume of blood ejected per minute
66
What is heart rate?
how many beats per min
67
What is SV?
the volume of blood per beat
68
What is CO at rest and during exercise?
CO is 5 L/min at rest and 20 L/min during exercise
69
Cardiac Output graph
70
What factors affect heart rate?
• Autonomic nervous system – Sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate – Parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate
71
What Factors Affect the Stroke Volume?
• The end diastolic volume which is the volume of blood at the end of diastole • The end diastolic volume depends on the venous return
72
What is the % of blood in the digestive system when the CO is at rest?
21%
73
What is the % of blood in the liver when the CO is at rest?
6%
74
What is the % of blood in the kidneys when the CO is at rest?
20%
75
What is the % of blood in the skin when the CO is at rest?
9%
76
What is the % of blood in the brain when the CO is at rest?
13%
77
What is the % of blood in the heart muscles when the CO is at rest?
3%
78
What is the % of blood in the skeletal muscles when the CO is at rest?
15%
79
What is the % of blood in the bone when the CO is at rest?
5%
80
What is the % of blood in the "other" part of the body when the CO is at rest?
8%
81
What is a elasmobranch?
A cartilaginous fish of a group that comprises the sharks, rays, and skates
82
What is the cardiovascular system of an elasmobranch like?
• Systemic circulation only – Heart -\> gills-\> body
83
What kind of heart do elasmobranchs have?
• Two chambered heart with – Sinus Venosus – Bulbus cordis
84
What is the cardiovascular system of amphibians like?
• Use skin to absorb oxygen when in water • Have 2 atria and one ventricle • Spiral valve in ventricle to minimize mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
85
What are the pacemaker cells?
• Sinoatrial node (SA) • Atrioventricular node (AV) • Bundle of His • Purkinje fibers
86
Label the ECG
87
Pacemaker Activities Image
88
Elasmobranch cardiovascular system image
89
Amphibian cardiovascular system image
90
Contractile activity and Nerve stimulation graph

PHYSCI 166 (4 decks)

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