Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHYSCI 166 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A 
• Provide oxygen
• Eliminates carbon dioxide
• Regulate pH level
• Defense against foreign bodies
• Modulates the levels of chemical messengers
in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do unicellular organisms “breath”

A

Through gas exchange.

For single cell organisms, diffusion is enough.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of diversity is there in animals when it comes to the respiratory system?

A

– Size: Small Vs. large
– Habitat: aquatic Vs. terrestrial
– Level of metabolism: flying animals and
insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What has evolved to overcome oxygen demands?

A

– Enhancement of diffusion techniques

– Bulk transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe gas exchange in flatworms

A

Diffusion through the integument.

More increase in surface area.

Small distance for gases to travel; however, still low permeability because of skin layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe gas exchange in aquatic animals

A

Gills

Increase surface area by evaginations

Epithelial lining (more permeability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe gas exchange in terrestrial animals

A

Increase in surface area by invaginations of tracheal system (caterpillar example)

Development of lungs

Invaginations

Thin membrane lining (Lizard example)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the gas availability in aquatic animals

A

Animals who live in water have less

oxygen available for diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List the 10 important components in breathing mammals.

A
  1. Nasal passages
  2. Mouth
  3. Pharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Left bronchus
  7. Bronchiole
  8. Cartilaginous ring
  9. Alveoli
  10. Terminal bronchiole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the steps of Respiration

A 
• Ventilation
• Gas exchange from lung to blood
• Bulk transport to move the oxygen to the
tissue
• Gas exchange from blood to tissue
• Internal respiration: using the O2 to
produce ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is ventilation

A

Exchange of gases with the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the air composition?

A

79% N2, 21% O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the branching of the airways

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What component of the brachial tree is heavily perfused

A

alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does gas exchange occur?

A

Through the process of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the type of cells of the Alveolus.

A
  • Alveolar type I cells
  • Alveolar type II cells
  • Macrophage cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do alveolar type I cells do?

A

form the wall of the alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do alveolar type II cells do?

A

Secrete surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do macrophage cells do?

A

Ward against foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is compliance?

A

It is the change in volume that is due to change in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Patm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alveolar pressure

A

Palv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Intraplural pressure

A

Pip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does Boyle’s law state?

A

states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the alveolar pressure inside the lungs
760 mmHg
26
What is transmural pressure across the lung wall?
Palv - Pip
27
What is transmural pressure across the thoracic wall
Patm - Pip
28
What happens to volume change during inspiration?
The volume of the lungs increases and the pressure | decreases
29
What happens to volume change during expiration?
The volume of the lungs decreases and the pressure increases
30
What happens to the muscles during inspiration?
• Diaphragm – Contracts by pushing down • External intercostals – Contracts by pushing out
31
What happens to the muscles during expiration?
• Passive expiration – Elastic recoil of the lungs • Active respiration requires additional muscles
32
What determines the high compliance of | the lungs?
– Elastin | – Surfactant
33
What is elastin?
High elasticity
34
What is surfactant?
Low surface tension
35
Describe tidal volume, and what happens when it gets into the lungs.
* Tidal volume is the amount of air that enters the lungs per breath * This is supposed to be pure oxygenated air * Once it gets into the lungs, it is not fully oxygenated!
36
Why is the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood lower than expected?
– Vapor pressure | – Dead space volume
37
What is dead space?
Dead space is the volume of a breath that does not participate in gas exchange.
38
How do gases cross the lung/blood media?
By diffusion
39
How are gases transported in the | blood?
Once in the blood, oxygen is transported in two ways: – Dissolved in the plasma and erythrocytes (1%) – Bound to hemoglobin (99%)
40
What are erythrocytes, and what do they do?
* They are red blood cells * Transport gases in the body * Contain hemoglobin * Biconcave discs * Flat size to increase diffusion
41
Describe a sigmoidal dissociation curve
* High affinity for oxygen | * Cooperativity
42
How is oxygen transported?
``` • Oxygen cross from the alveoli to the interstitial fluid • From the interstitial fluid to the plasma • From plasma to erythrocytes where it binds to Hb • Oxygen is then transported to cells where it is unloaded in the same way ```
43
How is carbon dioxide transported?
• Dissolved (10%) • Hemoglobin (30%) • Bicarbonate (60%): CO2 + H2O -> H+ + HCO3 - (carbonic anhydrase)
44
What are some important factors to the control of breathing?
* Pattern generator to alternate expiration/inspiration * Magnitude of ventilation (how deep) * Modification of respiration for other functions (vocalization)
45
What is inspiration initiated by?
by innervations of the skeletal muscles (diaphragm and | intercostals)
46
Inputs (of breathing) is received from what?
from the medullary centers
47
What initiates inspiration, and when?
When firing, DRG does
48
What happens when DRG stops firing?
expiration occurs
49
When is VRG active?
During increased ventilation
50
Pneumotaxic center inhibits what, and why?
inhibits the DRG to limit the duration of inspiration
51
What does the pneumotaxic do?
It indirectly allows expiration to occur (by limiting inspiration)
52
Apneustic center does what?
Stimulates the DRG to prevent them from being switched off
53
What are the chemoreceptors of breathing?
• Peripheral – Carotid bodies – Aortic bodies • Central
54
How does oxygen in water compared to air?
• Water has higher viscosity than air (850 folds) and therefore requires more energy to extract oxygen • Rate of diffusion of O2 is less in water (10,000 fold slower) • Solubility of O2 is less in water than in air – 1 L of water contains 7 ml of oxygen. 1L of air contains 209 ml of oxygen – decreases as temperature increases • Solubility of O2 decrease as salinity increases
55
Summarize respiration in the teleost.
* Buccal muscles * Unidirectional flow * Counter current flow
56
What are the non-respiratory functions of aquatic animals?
* Fluid and solute balance * Acid-base balance * Excretion * Mineral uptake * Feeding
57
List the steps of breathing in amphibians
* Inhalation * Lowering of the mouth * Closing of nostrils * Opening of glottis * Raising of mouth * Air pushed in where gas exchange occurs * Nostrils open * Air is pushed out by action of body wall muscles and the elasticity of the lungs
58
List important mechanisms of amphibian respiration
• Successive active inspiration to fill up the lungs • One expiration to empty • They rely of integumentary respiration
59
What types of animals have air sacs for breathing?
Aves
60
What are the anterior air sacs?
One cervical, one clavicular, and two cranial thoracic
61
What do anterior air sacs do?
Receive expelled air from the | lungs
62
What do posterior air sacs do?
Receive fresh air from the | trachea
63
What are the posterior air sacs?
two abdominals, and two caudal thoracics
64
(For aves) in each lung, the main bronchus gives rise to what?
Secondary bronchi: – Ventrobronchi – Dorsobronchi
65
(For aves) what do secondary bronchi branch to?
To many tertiary bronchi (parabronchi)
66
What do parabronchi lead to?
To air capillaries where exchange occur
67
Give an overall description of aves respiration
• Two complete cycles of inspiration and expiration are required to move a volume of air in and out of the lungs • This ensures gas flow to be – Continuous – Unidirectional through the parabronchi
68
Describe what happens to air during respiration in aves.
* Air enters into trachea to primary bronchi to posterior air sacs * During the first expiration, air from PAS flows to parabronchus (exchange) * During the the second inspiration, air from parabronchus flows to anterior air sacs * During the second expiration, air from anterior air sacs flows to trachea to be expelled
69
How do insects breath?
Through their exoskeleton via the spiracle, which leads to: the trachea -> tracheole cell -> tracheoles -> tracheole fluid -> muscle
70
What is the pressure of atmosphere? Nitrogen? Oxygen?
Atmosphere total: 760mmHg Nitrogen: 600mmHG (760 * .79) Oxygen: 160mmHg (760 * .21)

PHYSCI 166 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions