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BIO2034 Animal Function > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 main forms of bulk transport?

A

Ventilation and circulation

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2
Q

What are the 2 main contributions circulation has?

A

Bypasses diffusion

Enhances ΔP by moving fluids with different gas contents

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3
Q

What are the 5 main parts of the vertebrate cardiovascular system?

A 
Muscular heart
Arterial system
Venous system
Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
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4
Q

Describe the muscular heart

A

Pumps blood around the body
Consists of multiple chambers
Thin auricles/atria
Thick ventricles

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5
Q

Describe the arterial system

A

Transports materials such as O2, nutrients, and hormones at a high pressure

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6
Q

Describe the venous system

A

Removes waste materials such as CO2 and respiratory H2O at a low pressure
Has capacitance

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7
Q

What is capacitance?

A

The ability to store an electric charge

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8
Q

Describe systemic circulation

A

The movement of blood to and from body tissues

Ideally at high flow rates thus at a high pressure

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9
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A

The movement of blood to and from the lungs

Ideally at high flow rates but a low pressure

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10
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A

Lots of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to withstand high pressures

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11
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

Some have valves to prevent backflow as they operate under low pressure

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12
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The reduction in the diameter of veins

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13
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The increase in the diameter of veins

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14
Q

How many chambers does a fish heart have?

A

4

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15
Q

What are the chambers in a fish heart?

A

Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus arteriosus

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16
Q

Describe the sinus venosus in fish

A

The thin-walled venous chamber that receives blood from the duct of Cuvier, coronary veins, and hepatic veins

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17
Q

Describe the atrium in fish

A

A large and thin-walled chamber

Is the 1st chamber that provides the initial acceleration of blood flow around the body

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18
Q

Describe the ventricle in fish

A

The 2nd chamber which is the main propulsive force for cardiac flow
Pumps into the conus arteriosus- continuous with the aorta
Chambers are separated by valves

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19
Q

Describe the conus arteriosus in fish

A

It is short in bony fish and amphibians
Not present in adult amniotes
Capacitance vessel-smooths flow of blood to the gills

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20
Q

What is different in the lungs of lungfish versus fish?

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A

Modifications of the partial or complete partition of the atrium into the left and right atria

21
Q

What did the advent of lungs bring?

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A

Double circulation
Modification to the conus arteriosus to separate the flow
Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt deoxygenated blood to the lungs (spiral valve)

22
Q

How many chambers are in the amphibian heart?

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A

3
2 atria
1 ventricle

23
Q

Describe the structure of the amphibian heart

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A

2 atria
1 ventricle
Spiral valve to direct oxygenated blood to enter the ventricle from the left atrium
Conus arteriosus (bulbus cordis) is a swelling of the ventral aorta and is made of smooth muscle

24
Q

Describe the reptilian heart

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A

Functionally divided double circulation but there is an additional chamber- cavum venosum
The cavum pulmonae, cavum arteriosus and cavum venousum make up the ventricle

25
Describe the movement of blood through the reptilian heart
Venous blood is collected from the body through the sinus venosus Then to the right atrium Then to the cavum pulmonae The into the pulmonary artery into the lungs Then oxygenated blood returns through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium Then into the cavum arteriosus Then into the cavum venosus into the right and left aortic trunks
26
Describe the crocodile heart
They have a completely divided ventricle The left and right sides of the heart are still connected through the Foramen of Panizza The pressure changes in the pulmonary circulation can change the flow of blood in the heart
27
What is the Foramen of Panizza?
A valve between the aortic trunks used to divert blood | Allows the left ventricle to pump to both arches when the right ventricle is shut
28
What happens to the crocodile's circulation when diving?
The lungs are not utilised Blood is not pumped to the lungs The right ventricle helps to pump systemic blood
29
How many chambers does the mammalian and avian hearts have?
4 2 atria 2 ventricles
30
What happens to the left and right atria in embryos?
They are not separated
31
Describe the venous system
Fluid is squeezed out of the capillary by blood pressure at the arteriole end Fluid is pulled back into the capillary by osmotic pressure at the venule end
32
Describe the flow chart of the effects of a low pH, increased waste products and localised depletion on blood flow
Low pH, increased waste products, and localised depletion of the blood occurs This leads to vasodilation of the capillaries This increases the blood flow This replenishes the blood, removes waste products, and returns the blood to a normal pH This leads to vasoconstriction of the capillaries and the cycle begins again
33
Describe the flow chart of the effects of lowering arterial pressure and how it leads to the production of vasopressin
The arterial pressure is lowered Firing in arterial stretch sensors decreases The hypothalamus released vasopressin Vasopressin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water This increases the arterial pressure
34
Describe the flow chart of the effects of lowering arterial pressure and how it leads to the production of renin
``` The arterial pressure is lowered The kidneys release renin Renin activates angiotensin Angiotensin causes vessels to constrict This increases the arterial pressure ```
35
Describe the flow chart of the effects of lowering the arterial pressure leads to the widening of vessels
The arterial pressure is lowered There is a decrease in blood flow to the tissue There is a local accumulation of metabolic waste There is then autoregulatory widening of vessels The arterial pressure is then lowered again
36
What is a respiratory protein?
A metalloprotein that binds reversibly with oxygen at specific sites
37
Describe haemoglobin Fe
Turns from blue to red when oxygen is bound | Present in all vertebrates
38
Describe haemrhythrin Fe
Turns from colourless to red/violet when oxygen is bound | Present in sipunculid worms, brachiopods, and priapulids
39
Describe haemocyanin Cu
Turns from colourless to blue when oxygen is bound Present in arthropods and molluscs
40
Describe chlorocruorins Fe
They are green | Present in fan and feather worms
41
Describe the affinity of respiratory pigments to oxygen
Each subunit can bind one oxygen molecule allosterically | Binding of 1 or 2 oxygen molecules changes the shape of haemoglobin to increase the affinity for oxygen
42
Describe the sigmoid dissociation curve of oxygen
The closer to the y-axis it is the higher the affinity for oxygen
43
What is myoglobin?
A respiratory pigment found in muscles A single globin unit No allosteric effect
44
Describe the Bohr shift
Respiring tissues will release CO2 which decreases the pH This causes the Bohr shift in the curve to the right which causes the haemoglobin to increase unloading and enhances oxygen delivery
45
Describe the Root shift
Usually, the change in pH does not affect the maximum capacity of oxygen However, there is an exception in teleost fish blood Where the acidity decreases the haemoglobin's maximum capacity for oxygen
46
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Very little is transported as CO2 | Most is transported as bicarbonate ions HCO3-
47
What is the equation for CO2 dissociation?
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3⇌ H+ + HCO3-
48
Describe the equation for CO2 dissociation
A slow reaction | Enhanced by Carbonic Anhydrase which is present in the endothelium of capillaries and red blood cells

BIO2034 Animal Function (19 decks)

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