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BIO2034 Animal Function > Functional organisation of nervous systems > Flashcards

Functional organisation of nervous systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What do afferent neurons do?

A

Send information from the periphery to the CNS

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3
Q

What do efferent neurons do?

A

Send information from the CNS to the periphery

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4
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A group of axons from many neurons

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5
Q

What connective tissue surrounds the axon?

A

Endoneurium

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6
Q

What is a fasicle?

A

Groups of axons bundled together and surrounded by perineurium

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7
Q

What are groups of fasicles surrounded by?

A

Epineurium

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8
Q

Describe the pathways of the vertebrate nervous system

A
  1. Internal/external sensory stimuli
  2. Afferent (sensory) branch
  3. Brain/spinal cord
  4. Efferent branch
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9
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the efferent branch of the nervous system?

A

Motor division and autonomic division

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10
Q

What does the motor division of the efferent branch control?

A

Skeletal muscle

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11
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the autonomic division of the efferent branch

A

Sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system

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12
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system of the afferent branch control?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands and some endocrine glands

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13
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system of the afferent branch control?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands and some endocrine glands

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14
Q

What does the enteric nervous system of the afferent branch control?

A

Digestive organs

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15
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Pituitary

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16
Q

What does the forebrain do?

A

Has a central role in the processing of information related to complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions and voluntary motor activites

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17
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wake cycles, arousal(alertness) and temperature regulation

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18
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord and other parts of the brain then regulates motor movements

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19
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Secretes hormones controlling; growth, blood pre4ssure, energy management, sex organ function, thyroid glands, metabolism, breastfeeding, water and salt concentration in the kidneys, temperature regulation and pain relief

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20
Q

Describe the 3 main parts of the mammalian brain

A

Left hemisphere
Right hemisphere
Corpus callosum

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21
Q

What does the left hemisphere control?

A

The right side of the body and speech

22
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A

The left side of the body and perception of spatial relationships

23
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A bundle of axons which connects the two hemispheres

24
Q

What are gyri?

A

Folds in the brain

25
What are sulci?
Grooves in the brain
26
What do the gyri and sulci do?
Increase the surface area of the brain
27
What is increased surface area in the brain linked with?
Greater functional complexity and intelligence
28
What is the blood brain barrier made of?
Formed by endothelial cells of the capillary layer
29
How do selected solutes enter the brain?
Tight junctions between the cells allow selected diffiusion
30
What does the blood brain barrier do?
Maintains homeostasis in the brain and prevents toxins from entering
31
What are astrocytes?
Non neural glial cells that are involved in many CNS functions including biochemical support of the BBB
32
What are pericytes?
Cells that wrap around the endothelium and are involved in the formation of the BBB by forming tight junctions and regulating vesicle trafficking
33
Where is the spinal cord in vertebrates?
Enclosed in the spine
34
What does grey matter contain?
Unmyelinated cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals and is where most synapses are located
35
What does white matter contain?
Myelinated axons projecting from and to the brain
36
Where do spinal nerves send information?
To and from the periphery
37
What does the dorsal tract of the spinal cord do?
Receives sensory information from the periphery tracts- afferent
38
What does the ventral tract of the spinal cord do?
Sends information to muscles and organs- efferent
39
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Regulates unconscious bodily functions including; heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response and urination
40
What is dual innervation?
Where organs will receive signals from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
41
Why is the PNS and the SNS antagonistic?
To maintain homeostasis
42
What is the basal tone in PNS and the SNS?
They will still fire action potentials even at rest to allow for precise regulation and control
43
What does the parasympathetic divison do?
The long preganglionic cholinergic neuron sends signals to the autonomic ganglia and the short postganglionic cholinergic neuron sends signals to the organs
44
What does the sympathetic division do?
The short preganglionic cholinergic neuron sends signals to the autonomic ganglia and the long postganglionic cholinergic neuron sends signals to the organs
45
What regulates the ANS?
Many areas of the brain including the hypothalamus
46
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the ANS?
Either directly or through the reticular neurons in the brainstem
47
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
The portion of the brain that maintains homeostasis Links the endocrine and nervous systems Produces hormones that stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body Closely associated with the pituitary gland and adrenal glands
48
What is the HPA axis?
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
49
What does the amygdala do?
Has a primary role in memory formation duration during emotional events, decision making, facial recognition and emotional responses Is rich in androgen receptors and is larger in males
50
Describe how the amygdala propagates a response to danger
The amygdala receives signals from the cortex signalling there is danger The signal is sent to to the spinal cord which activates the sympathetic nervous system The adrenal gland releases norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) which is then bound to various tissues Blood is diverted, heart rate and blood pressure is increased Simultaneously the hypothalamus activated the endocrine system to release cortisol Cortisol causes the muscles to release amino acids which are converted in the liver to glucose- gluconeogenesis

BIO2034 Animal Function (19 decks)

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