cardiovascular system

Question 1

what makes up 55% of blood

Answer 1

plasma

Question 2

what is plasma made up of

Answer 2

mostly water and proteins

Question 3

3 major proteins in plasma

Answer 3

1. albumin - prevents water diffusing out of bloodstream
2. globulins - immunoglobulins are antibodies and other transport globulins carry lipids and minerals
3. fibrinogen - involved in cascade of events for blood clotting

Question 4

what makes up less than 1% of blood

Answer 4

platelets and leukocytes in the buffy coat

Question 5

5 types of leukocytes and their abundance

Answer 5

1. neutrophils 50-70%
2. lymphocytes 25-45%
3. monocytes - 3-8%
4. eosinophils - 2-4%
5. basophils - 0.5-1%

Question 6

diapedesis

Answer 6

changing shape and leaving the bloodstream (what leukocytes do)

Question 7

2 types of WBC

Answer 7

1. granuloctyes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

2. agranuloctyes (monocytes, lymphocytes)

Question 8

thrombocytes

Answer 8

platelets- break off larger cell called megakaryocyte - form platelet plug in area of damage and trap red blood cells in fibrin strands

Question 9

what is blood serum and how is it formed

Answer 9

blood with all the formed components removed, forms when blood sits for a long time - coagulates and forms blood clot trapping all the formed elements

Question 10

location of heart

Answer 10

in the mediastinum, between the lungs, angled to the left with 2/3 of the heart on the left of the median plane (apex lies to the left)

Question 11

costal cartilage of 3rd rib joining to the sternum

Answer 11

anterior right point of the heart

Question 12

costal cartilage of the 6th rib fingerwidth lateral to the sternum

Answer 12

inferior right point of the heart

Question 13

cartilage of the 2nd rib a little lateral to the sternum

Answer 13

superior left point of the heart

Question 14

in the 5th intercostal space on imaginary line that extends inferiorly from the

Answer 14

inferior left point of the heart

Question 15

list the coverings of the heart in order from most superficial to deep

Answer 15

1. fibrous pericardium

2. serous pericardium (2nd and 3rd layer)

Question 16

what prevents the heart from overfilling

Answer 16

the fibrous pericardium

Question 17

what is the serous pericardium made up of

Answer 17

1. parietal peridcardium - overlays epicardium
2. visceral perdicardium - is the epicardium

these 2 layers are continuous with each other
pericardial cavity b/w them - containing pericardial fluid

Question 18

3 layers of the heart wall from most superficial to most deep

Answer 18

1. epicardium - visceral layer of the serous pericardium, often infiltrated w fat in older people
2. myocardium - cardiac muscle arranged in a spiral pattern allows proper ejection of blood into vessels from apex to base
3. endocardium - a thin layer of connective tissue with simple squamous epithelium

Question 19

interventricular septum

Answer 19

divides the left and right ventricles

Question 20

interatrial septum

Answer 20

divides the left and right atria

Question 21

2 main grooves that indicate the boundaries of the heart chamber

Answer 21

1. coronary sulcus - around atria and ventricles

2. interventricular sulcus (posterior and anterior)

Question 22

tricuspid valve

Answer 22

b/w right atrium and right ventricle

Question 23

what 3 veins does the right atrium receive blood from

Answer 23

1. superior vena cava
2. inferior vena cava
3. coronary sinus

Question 24

2 parts of the right atrium

Answer 24

1. posterior with smooth walls

2. anterior with horizontal ridges (pectinate muscles)

Question 25

the important landmark for sites of veins entering the right atrium separating the anterior and posterior parts of the right atrium

Answer 25

crista terminalis

Question 26

depression in the interatrial septum marking previous opening in the fetal heart

Answer 26

fossa ovalis of the right atrium

Question 27

bicuspid or mitral valve

Answer 27

b/w left atrium and ventricle

Question 28

characteristics of the left atrium

Answer 28

mostly smooth walled, pectinate muscles only exist on the lining of the left auricle

Question 29

auricle

Answer 29

small flap shaped like dog's ear projecting anteriorly from both atriums

Question 30

what 2 veins does the left atrium receive blood from

Answer 30

1. left pulmonary vein | 2. right pulmonary vein

Question 31

internal characteristics of the right ventricle

Answer 31

1. trabeculae carneae - walls lined with irregular ridges 2. papillary muscles attached to flaps of tricuspid via chordae tendineae 3. pulmonary semilunar valve - opening b/w the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Question 32

internal characteristics of the left ventricle

Answer 32

1. trabeculae carneae - walls lined with irregular ridges 2. papillary muscles attached to the flaps of bicuspid via chordae tendineae 3. aortic semilunar valve - opening b/w left ventricle and aorta

Question 33

4 functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

Answer 33

1. anchorage of valve cusps 2. prevention of overdilation of valve openings 3. insertion of cardiac muscle 4. blockage of direct spread of electrical impulses that originate in the right atrial region from being able to travel directly through the atria down to the ventricles

Question 34

what is the sound of closing of the AV valves at the start of ventricular contraction?

Answer 34

lub

Question 35

what is the sound of the closing of semilunar valves at the end of ventricular contraction

Answer 35

dub

Question 36

how to listen to the aortic valve

Answer 36

superior right corner in the 2d intercostal space at right sternal margin

Question 37

how to listen to the pulmonary valve

Answer 37

superior left corner in the 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal margin

Question 38

how to listen to the tricuspid valve

Answer 38

inferior right corner the 5th intercostal space in the right sternal margin

Question 39

how to listen to the mitral/bicuspid valve

Answer 39

inferior left corner of heart apex 5th intercostal space in line with the middle of the clavicle

Question 40

three layers of blood vessel wall (deep to superficial)

Answer 40

1. tunica intima - contains endothelium (simple squamous epithelial cells) 2. tunica media - circular smooth muscle with elastin and collagen fibrils 3. tunica externa - layer of connective tissue that run longitudinally (collagen and elastin)

Question 41

what are elastic (conducting) arteries

Answer 41

large, close to the heart large lumen for least resistance more elastin to control BP surges

Question 42

what are muscular (distributing) arteries

Answer 42

supply organs and organ groups thicker tunica media can change diameter

Question 43

what are arterioles

Answer 43

smallest arteries tunica media has only one or 2 layers diameter can also be regulated