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BIOL 201 > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

stratum corneum

A

1st superficial; 20-30 layers of dead cells filled w keratin; glycolipids for waterproofing; stratified cells called cornified/horny cells

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2
Q

stratum lucidum

A

2nd superficial; only thick skin; tonofilaments formed by keratohyalin granules sticking to keratin filaments

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3
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3rd superficial; keratinization occurs; lamellar granules produce glycolipids; keratohyalin involved in keratin formation in more superficial layers

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4
Q

keratinization

A

keratinocytes become dominated by keratin and their organelles decompose, the cell membrane gets thicker, a form of apoptosis

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5
Q

stratum spinosum

A

4th superficial; keratinocytes shrunk but held on by deosmosomes giving the “prickly” appearance; cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments called pre-keratin

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6
Q

stratum basale

A

5th superficial; deepest layer; site of rapid mitotic division producing new keratinocytes; melanocytes present; and some dendritic cells

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7
Q

keratinocytes

A

epidermis-produce keratin

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8
Q

melanocytes

A

epidermis-produce melanin, form melanosome granules that move and associate to the superficial side of keratinocytes

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9
Q

dendritic cells

A

epidermis-also “langerhans cells” derived from bone marrow playing a part in the immune system

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10
Q

tactile (merkel) cells

A

epidermis-at the epidermal-dermal junction, sensory receptors for touch

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11
Q

epidermis

A

outer protective covering of the skin; avascular

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12
Q

dermis

A

tough leathery layer full of fibrous connective tissue, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells, hair follicles, oil/sweat glands

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13
Q

fibroblast

A

produces collagen and other fibers

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14
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytotic cell

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15
Q

mast cells

A

release histamine, play a part in immune response and attracting other WBC

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16
Q

cleavage (tension) lines

A

formed by less dense regions in the pockets of adipose, collagen fiber networks in the ECF of the cutaneous plexus; externally invisible - run longitudinally in the skin of the head and limbs, run circularly around the neck and the trunk

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17
Q

cutaneous plexus

A

nourishes the reticular layer of the dermis, ECF has pockets of adipose tissue, and bundles of interlacing collagen

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18
Q

clinical importance of cleavage lines

A

important for surgeons because when they make an incision parallel to these lines, the skin doesn’t gape as much and heals faster

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19
Q

flexure lines

A

externally visible, e.g. creases of the palms; created at or near joints where the dermis is more securely attached to the deeper structures below

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20
Q

papillary layer

A

dermis-thin layer made up of interlacing collagen and other fibers heavily invested w small blood vessels creating a loosely woven mat allowing phagocytes and defensive cells to patrol for bacteria

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21
Q

dermal papillae

A

indent the epidermis, can contain capillary loops, pain receptors, tactile receptors, or tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

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22
Q

friction ridges

A

formed by the epidermal and dermal ridges created by dermal papillae in thick skin; enhance grip ability and sense of touch e.g. fingertips

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23
Q

reticular layer

A

80% of thickness, coarse irregular arrangement of dense connective tissue, collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency, collagen also binds water for moisture, elastic fibers allow for stretch-recoil

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24
Q

melanin

A

tyrosine polymer produced my tyrosinase of melanocytes - distributed to keratinocytes of the stratum basale

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25
why do people have different skin colors?
we all have relatively the same # of melanocytes but differences in skin color arise from the different amount and types of melanin produced
26
tanning
visible darkening of skin - exposure to UV radiation causes faster DNA repair of photodamaged cells, triggers greater production of melanin
27
carotene
yellow-orangey pigment - concentrated in thicker stratum corneum (palms and soles) and adipose tissue of the hypodermis
28
hemoglobin
binds oxygen in blood - turns red
29
pigment indicators of disease states
``` C-cyanosis E-erythema P-pallor or blanching J-jaundice B-bronzing B-bruising ```
30
cyanosis
bluing: lack of oxygen to hemoglobin - heart failure, severe respiratory disorders
31
erythema
redness - embarrassment, hypertension, inflammation, allergy, fever
32
pallor or blanching
turning pale - anger, emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure
33
jaundice
yellow- liver disease, bilirubin (yellow bile pigment) accumulates in the blood and distributed to tissues
34
bronzing
metallic - adrenal cortex not producing enough steroid, pituitary gland tumours producing too much MSH
35
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
36
bruising
black and blue - blood left circulation forming a hematoma
37
hematoma
mass of blood clotted underneath the skin
38
cadherins
calcium dependent adherins: cell adhesion molecules that are important in formation of adherens junctions
39
epithelial bud
needs to form in order to form a skin appendage via lowered production of cadherins
40
red hair
colored by iron containing component trichosiderin
41
main regions of hair
1. shaft | 2. root
42
concentric regions of hair shaft
1. cuticle 2. cortex 3. medulla
43
medulla
innermost region; large cells with air spaces, containing soft keratin; absent in vellus hair
44
vellus hair
fine hair
45
terminal hair
thick, dark, coarse hair
46
cortex
several flattened cells covering the medulla
47
cuticle
outermost region; heavily keratinized overlapping arrangement of shingle-like dead cells -- separates each hair shaft to avoid matting
48
hair follicle
1. peripheral connective tissue derived from the dermis 2. glassy membrane (thickened basal lamina) 3. epithelial root sheath (inner and outer) 4. hair root (cuticle, cortex, medulla) 5. hair matrix 6. hair papilla
49
hair matrix
actively dividing
50
hair papilla
contains capillary knot protruding into hair bulb, nourishes the hair matrix, signals for growth
51
root hair plexus
hair follicle receptor surrounding the hair bulb - makes hairs sensory receptors for touch
52
arrector pili
contractions force the hair upright going out of the skin, dimples the skin as goosebumps, functionally important to force sebum out of the hair
53
hirsutism
excessive hairiness resulting from adrenal gland or ovarian tumour secreting too much androgens
54
male pattern baldness
delayed-action gene changes response to DHT such that hair follicle lifespan is incredibly short
55
DHT
dihydrotestosterone
56
yellow-tinged nails
thyroid or respiratory disorder
57
thick yellow nails
fungal infection
58
Beau's Lines
horizontal lines on the nails; malnutrition
59
outward concavity of the nails
iron deficiency
60
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
61
myoepithelial cells
associated with sweat glands, specialized cells that contract when stimulated by the nervous system, push sweat through the duct to the skin surface
62
merocrine glands
secrete by exocytosis
63
horocrine glands
build up secretion until they become so enlarged they burst
64
eccrine glands
merocrine sweat gland; palms, soles, forehead; temperature regulation, duct opens at the skin surface
65
sweat
99% water, vitamin C, antibodies, dermicidin, salts, traces of metabolic wastes
66
dermicidin
microbe killing peptide found in sweat
67
apocrine glands
merocrine glands; armpits, anogenital, duct opens into the dermis, lies deeper than eccrine, secretes something similar to sweat with addition of proteins and fatty substances
68
mammary glands
specialized apocrine; secrete milk
69
ceruminous glands
specialized apocrine; lining of external ear canal, mix with sebum to produce cerum
70
cerum
ear wax
71
sebaceous glands
simple alveolar glands all over the body except palms and soles
72
sebum
lubricates hair and skin, prevents water loss; bactericidal properties
73
defensins
natural antibiotics secreted by skin cells
74
cathelicidins
protective peptide secreted by wounded skin
75
oleoresins
plant poisons like poison ivy or poison oak that can enter the skin

BIOL 201 (3 decks)

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