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Fall2023 > Cardiovascular System Anat&Phys > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Anat&Phys Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • circulate blood
  • immune cells (white blood cells)
  • expell CO2
  • supply O2 to body via hemoglobin
  • move hormones, minerals, nutrients, and water
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2
Q

What are the 3 main structure of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Heart (pump)
  • blood (connective tissues)
  • bood vessels (like arteries, cappilaries, and veins)
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3
Q

Explain the differences between bood vessels (like arteries, cappilaries, and veins)

A
  • arteries: carry blood away from the heart (usually red O2)
  • cappilaries: substance exchange with tissues
  • veins: carry blood back to heart (usually blue lacking O2)
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4
Q

Explain where the heart is located

A

the heart is in the thoracic cavity
in the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum, a space in your chest that holds your heart and lungs

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5
Q

What tissues is the heart composed of?

A
  • connective tissue
  • epithelial tissue
  • cardiac muscle (myocardium)
  • vascularized tissue
  • innervated tissue (by autonomic NS)
  • fatty tissue (adipose tissue provides protection)

*mostly composed of myocardium

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6
Q

Define Apex and Base in relation to the heart

A

Base: top
Apex: bottom

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7
Q

Why would the heart be compared to a tube of toothpaste?

A

the myocardium of the heart squeezes from apex to base (bottom to top)
this shoots blood out of the heart

*the artira and ventricles contract together at different times

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8
Q

what is special about the pericardium wall layer of the heart?

A

it has 2 layers due to folding back onto itself, forming the pericardial cavity

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9
Q

List the wall layers of the heart from surface level to deep

A
  • fiberous pericardium
  • parietal layer
  • pericadial cavity
  • visceral layer = epicardium
  • myocardium (muscle)
  • endocardium
  • blood

Fred played piano very maliciously , ended in blood

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10
Q

Describe some features of the myocardium of the heart

A
  • excitable, contractile, extensible, elastic
  • striated and branched
  • intercalated discs
  • gap junctions
  • lots of mitochondria (to provide ATP energy via arobic respiration- with O2)
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11
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart? Which has the thickest walls and why?

A

Right and Left artrium
Right and left Ventricle

*left ventricle has the thickest myocardium walls because it pumps blood to the whole body

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12
Q

Define the systemic circuit

A

left side pump
has the left ventricle (thick myocardium to pump O2 blood at high pressure to the rest of the body)

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13
Q

Define the pulmonary circuit

A

right side pump

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14
Q

what separates the left and right ventricle?

A

the septum (physical barrier between O2 and lack O2 blood)

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15
Q

What makes the vertebral (our) cardiovascular system different from that of a fish?

A

Humans: Double Circulatory System

Purpose: Efficiently separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Circuits:
Pulmonary: Oxygenates blood in the lungs.
Systemic: Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Fish: Single Circulatory System
Purpose: Simplicity and energy efficiency.
Circuit: Oxygenation in gills, direct flow to the body.
Significance: Human system supports higher metabolic demands and effective oxygen delivery for terrestrial life.

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16
Q

define autorhythmic

A

a quality of the heart, where ic an function alone and does not need NS signals to beat
- the heart creates its own contractile rhythm

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17
Q

define myogenic

A

a quality of the heart, where it has its own NS to regulate itself

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18
Q

what is the purpose of pacemaker cells? where are they located?

A

they are located in 2 nodes…
the sinoatrical (SA) and atriventricular (AV)

and regulate contractions of the heart muscle, ensuring a coordinated and synchronized heartbeat

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19
Q

define conductiion fibers of the heart

A

specialized cells that regulate HR vis rapid conduction of action potentials

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20
Q

which contracts first, the atria or the ventricles?

A

atria, then centricles

21
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

gaps between cells that allow for action potentials to be transmitted rappidly and systematically

22
Q

what are the 4 heart valves?

A
  • tricuspid valve (AV) separating the right atrium from the right ventricle
  • pulmonary semilunar valve that regulates the flow of blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary veins
  • bicuspid valave (AV) separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
  • aortic semilunar valve regultes the bloodflow from the left ventricle and into the aorta
23
Q

what does the normal heartbeat sound like? what about heart murmurs?

A

normal: LUBB—–DUP–pause and repeat
mitigal regurgitation (blood flows backwards from the bicuspid valve)
aortic regurgitation (failure of aortic semilunar valve where blood flows back to the left ventricle)

24
Q

Describe the 2 stages of 1 cardiac cycle

A
  1. Diastole (ventricle relaxation and fillling)
  2. Systole (ventricle contraction and ejection)
25
Q

what is an ejection fraction?

A

the amount of blood that is ejected out of the heart each beat

*can be changed with increased activity

greater than 70 if high function
55-70 is normal
40-55 is low
below 40 is potential heart failure

26
Q

How does blood flow through the body starting with the body tissues?

A

body tissues -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> lungs -> left atrium -> left ventricle

27
Q

where is deoxygenated blood found?

A

in the venae cavae (the largest veins in the body)

28
Q

what are arterioles?

A

connections between arteries and veins that contain oxygenated blood

29
Q

what is a ventricular systole?

A

when left and right ventricles are squeezing simotaneously while the left and right atria relax

29
Q

define isovolumetric contraction

A

when the muscles of the ventricle contract, but the volume of the centricle remains the same

29
Q

what is congestive heart failure?

A

inadequate pumping of blood to meet oxygen demands of tissues

30
Q

what are the 2 main causes of congestive heart failure?

A
  1. systolic dysfunction: weakened ventricle muscles leads to contractionand ejection inefficiency
  2. diastolic dysfunction: stiffened ventricle muscle leads to filling and relaxation inefficiency
30
Q

what initiates the cardiac cycle? What are the 2 tyeps of cardiac myocytes?

A

electrical and mechnaical activity

contractile myocytes and specialized myocytes

31
Q

what are contractile myocytes

A

muscle cells in the heart responsible for generating the force necessary for cardiac contractions, facilitating the pumping of blood throughout the circulatory system
- excitable, respond to ATP
- majority of myocardium

32
Q

what are specialized myocytes

A
  • pacemaker cells in the heart
  • fire spontaneously
  • have no resting potential
  • part of the cardiac conduction system
  • distribute electrical signals to contractile myocytes
33
Q

what is heartrate determined by?

A

the rate of action potenitals in the SA node
- hormones like an increase in T3 from the thyroid pathway (will increase HR)
- age, sex, body temp, and ion concentrtion

34
Q

describe the order by which signals will be sent through the heart to the myocytes

A
  1. sinoatrial node (SA)- pacemaker cell that originates signal
  2. atroventricular node (AV) pauses signal
  3. atrioventricular bundle (AV) also called the bundle of his
  4. bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibers (only at the apex, are smaller pathways where signals reach the myocytes)
35
Q

What does parasympathetic regulation of the heart do?

A

regulates the release of ACh
decreases intrinsic HR set by the SA node
sets resting HR (average 60-80 bmp)

36
Q

what does sympathetic regulation of the heart do?

A

regulation increases HR
nerve fibers release NE directly
stimulate adrenal medulla to release epinephrine into the bloodstream
NE and epinephrine together increase HR

37
Q

What is the equation used to claculate cardiac output?

A

CO (mL/min) = HR (bmp) x stroke volume (mL/beat)

38
Q

define stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat (mL/beat)
- force of the contraction of the ventricle myocardium
- stronger contraction = more blood ejection

39
Q

what are the factors that affect stroke volume?

A
  1. preload: the amount of strech of the contractile myocardium at the end of ventricular relazation
  2. contractility: how forcefully contraction occurs due to myocytes of the centriceles
    - an increase in Ca2+ inside of myocyes increases the crossbridge effect = increaseing the force of contraction
40
Q

what are the 3 layers (tunica) of arteries and veins?

A

intima (deep)
media
externa (superficial)

41
Q

do veins have low or high resistance?

A

low resistance, they serve as blood reservoires

42
Q

define venous return

A

amount of blood returned to the heart aided by one-way valves and the musculovenous pump

43
Q

what is the musculovenous pump?

A

the mechanism where contractions of smooth muscles aid in venous blood return to the heart by compressing veins and facilitating circulation

44
Q

what are vericose veins?

A

enlarged, twisted veins that result from the weakening of vein valves, causing blood to pool and leading to a visible, often bulging appearance
primarily in the legs of elderly people

45
Q

what is the best arm postion for recovery from intense exercise?

A

hands on the knees is better than arms on the head
due to the freeing of the lunds and resulting increased recovery rate

Fall2023 (10 decks)

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