Urinary System Quiz Anatomy

Question 1

What is the primary function of the renal/urinary system?

Answer 1

regulate water balance and maintain body homeostasis by eliminating and screting wastes

Question 2

Define normovolemia

Answer 2

state of normal blood volume of water
- contrasts with hypervolemia (too much water) and hypovolemia (too little)

Question 3

define hypernatremia

Answer 3

state of increased sodium in the blood
- contrasts with hyponatremia (too little sodium in the blood)

Question 4

define osmolarity

Answer 4

the concentration of a solution

Question 5

What does drinking water do to the plasma volume and osmolarity of your blood

Answer 5

plasma volume increases in blood while osmolarity decreases
- may cause swelling of the kidney but this is generally corrected by the production of hyperosmotic urine

Question 6

define hyperosmotic urine and hypoosmotic urine to correct

Answer 6

hypoosmotic urine: dark yellow urine

hypersmotic urine: light yellow urine from excess water

Question 7

What does eating salty food do to the plasma volume and osmolarity of your blood

Answer 7

salt is absorbed and plasma osmolarity is increased
- kidneys produce hyperosmotic urine to correct

Question 8

what are the main structures of the urinary system?

Answer 8

kidneys: where urine is processed
ureters: carry urine to the bladder
bladder: stores urine
urethra: carries urine out of the body

Question 9

what functions do kidneys have?

Answer 9

• remove metabolic waste
• regulate pH of plasma
• control blood volume
• control the concentration of solutes in body fluids
• stimulate red blood cell production
• metabolize vitamin D
• synthesize ammonia from amino acids
• degrade hormones
• maintain homeostasis in the body

Question 10

describe the location of the kidney in the body

Answer 10

• protected by the rib cage and fatty tissue called perirenal fat
• superior lumbar region
• posterior to the abdominal wall (higher than expected)

Question 11

Explain the path that urine travels from renal papillae to ureters

Answer 11

renal papillae
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
ureter

Question 12

name the functions of the following…
renal medulla and pyramids
renal pelvis
ureter

Answer 12

• renal medulla and pyramids: filtrate formation
• renal pelvis: collecting region for processed filtrate
• ureter: transports filtrate to the bladder

Question 13

define hypervolemia

Answer 13

harder for the heart to do its job because of increased pressure from excess water in the blood.
- leads to cardiovascular disease when accompanied by a bad diet and lack of exercise

Question 14

define hypovolemia

Answer 14

extreme dehydration leads to blood levels dropping with blood pressure

Question 15

define hypernatremia

Answer 15

high sodium in the blood

Question 16

define hyponatremia

Answer 16

low sodium in the blood

Question 17

define osmolarity

Answer 17

how much solute is dissolved in a solution

Question 18

what is a nephron? how many do we have? where are they found?

Answer 18

• nephron: functional unit of the kidneys that filters waste in the blood
• born with the number you will die with unless damaged– they do not heal
• found in the renal pyramidal part of the kidneys

Question 19

describe the 3 processes that occur in the nephron and where they happen

Answer 19

1. filtration: in renal corpuscle
   filters solutes and water
2. reabsorption: in proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and some in distal convoluted tube
   water and NaCl are reabsorbed into the blood
3. secretion: in distal tubule
   potassium, hydrogen, ammonium, etc are secreted into the collecting duct to be excreted

Question 20

what is the difference between the afferent and efferent arteriole of the nephron? how does this affect blood flow and filtration?

Answer 20

• afferent arteriole: bigger due to large materials to be filtrated
• efferent arteriole: smaller due to transferring filtered blood

*size difference leads to pressure increased in capillaries which increases filtration by forcing blood plasma into the bowman’s capsule

Question 21

describe glomerular filtration into the bowman’s capsule

Answer 21

• the glomerular endothelium is fenestrated (has a filter with holes)
• the filtration membrane is composed of podocytes
• it filters blood by allowing solute-rich filtrate (plasma) to pass into bowman’s capsule

Question 22

after glomerular filtration, what happens in the proximal tube?
then the tubular reabsorption?

Answer 22

• proximal tube: reabsorption of the solutes and water
• tubular reabsorption: where all organic nutrients are absorbed, may use ATP. where water and ion absorption is hormonally controlled

Question 23

after tubular reabsorption, what happens at the loop of Henle?

Answer 23

• descends into the medulla of the kidney
• functions to help the body reabsorb water and solutes by “concentrating urine” due to an osmolarity gradient
• The descending segment is permeable to only water while the ascending segment is permeable to only solutes

Question 24

after the loop of henle is the distal convoluted tubule, what happens here?

Answer 24

• secretion and a bit of reabsorption
• leads into the medulla and drains filtrate into the collecting duct (last place in the nephron before leaving it)

Question 25

what is the difference between juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons?

Answer 25

- juxtamedullary nephrons: the loop of Henle extends deeply into the medulla of the kidney, producing more concentrated urine - cortical nephrons: produce dilute urine due to the loop of Henle being less deep into the medulla of the kidney

Question 26

if you chug a lot of water, you become _____ and ______.

Answer 26

hypervolemic and hyponatremic

Question 27

True or false: secretion is an active process that uses energy.

Answer 27

true: ATP is needed to transport solutes from the capillaries into the nephron

Question 28

what does ADH hormone do? where is it located?

Answer 28

- the anti-diuretic hormone, vasopressin, regulates water reabsorption - produces more concentrated urine to remove more waste products without losing more water - secreted in the hypothalamus and is stored in the posterior pituitary

Question 29

True or false: 99% of filtrate can be reabsorbed by the nephron.

Answer 29

true

Question 30

true or false: secretion is the movement of blood to filtrate.

Answer 30

true

Question 31

true or false: reabsorption is the movement of blood to filtrate.

Answer 31

false-- reabsorption moves filtrate into the blood.

Question 32

what are kidney stones and how are they created?

Answer 32

- hard deposits formed in the kidneys, often made of minerals and salts - develop when urine contains high levels of certain substances, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid. - factors like dehydration, certain diets, family history, and medical conditions can contribute to their formation. - when these substances become concentrated in the urine, they can crystallize and stick together, forming stones.

Question 33

describe the microvascular (blood flow) of the urinary system

Answer 33

kidney renal artery small artery afferent artery (bigger) glomerulus capillary (site of blood filtration) efferent arteriole (smaller) peritubular capillary (site of reabsorption and secretion) *venule *vein *renal vein *=deoxygenated blood

Question 34

what effects does low ADH hormone have? high ADH?

Answer 34

- low ADH: diuresis (peeing a lot with diluted urine) - high ADH: anti-dieuresis (small volume of concentrated urine)

Question 35

how does nicotine affect ADH hormone? what about alcohol (ethanol)?

Answer 35

- nicotine increases ADH leading to smaller volume of more concentrated urine - alcohol decreases ADH leading to a larger volume of less concentrated urine

Question 36

what is aldosterone? where is it found? what function does it have?

Answer 36

- aldosterone: a hormone produced in the adrenal gland (above the kidney) - targets collecting duct cells, where is conserves salt and water-- promotes retention of sodium - indirect stimulus has a decrease in systemic blood volume and blood pressure