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APHY 101 > Cardiovascular system anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The circulatory system functions as

A

The circulatory system functions as the transport system
Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones and regulatory chemicals to all cells
Transports carbon dioxide and other products of metabolism from the cells to the lungs, liver and kidneys
Distributes heat from inside the body to the extremities and vice versa

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2
Q

Circulatory system consists of

A

Heart, vessels, blood

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3
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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4
Q

Vein

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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5
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Vessels that carry tissue fluid (or lymph) to large veins are called lymphatic vessels or lymphatics

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6
Q

Location of the heart in a canine

A

Extends from 3rd to 6th intercostal space
Long axis of heart forms a 45o angle with the sternum but varies between breeds
Deep chested breeds have a larger angle; barrel chested have a lower angle

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7
Q

Location of the heart of a cat

A

Extends from 3rd/4th to 6th/7th intercostal space
Forms a more acute angle so has increased sternal contact compared to dogs

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8
Q

Location of the heart of a equine or ruminnets

A

The heart is placed asymmetrically mostly on the left side
Located from the 2nd to the 5th intercostal space
Apex is at the level of the point of the elbow
Bovine has os cordis (small bone) within the heart to support the valves

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9
Q

Layers of the heart

A

Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

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10
Q

The fibrous pericardium is the

A

is the thin fibrous-serous covering of the heart
The fibrous pericardium is outermost, extends to the diaphragm and covers major vessels at the heart base

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11
Q

Pericardium is the

A

Thin fibrous serous covering of the heart

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12
Q

Serous pericardium of the heart

A

lines the fibrous pericardium
This is the parietal layer
The visceral layer covers the heart itself
The fluid filled space between these layers is called the pericardial space or cavity

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13
Q

Myocardium is the

A

Is the muscle layer of the heart and is sandwiched between the visceral pericardium and the endocardium

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14
Q

Endocardium is the

A

thin membrane covering of the internal surface of the heart

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15
Q

Atrium is

A

which receives blood from large veins

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16
Q

A ventricle pumps blood from…

A

the heart via large arteries

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17
Q

R AV

A

Right tricuspid valve

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18
Q

L AV

A

Bicuspid or mitral valve

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19
Q

Atrioventricular valve connects

A

Connecting each atrium and ventricle is a large valve called the atrioventricular valve or AV valve

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20
Q

Leaflets do what

A

Heart valves have leaflets (cusps) which prevent the backflow of blood

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21
Q

Right atrium is and does

A

Thin walled
Receives systemic (means all part of body except lungs) veins
Blind ended portion known as the right auricle

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22
Q

Right ventricle is and does

A

More muscular than the atrium but a thinner wall than the left ventricle.
Does not reach apex of heart
Receives outflow from right atrium by way of the right AV (tricuspid) valve
Has papillary muscles (protrusions of cardiac muscle) which anchor the AV valve through chordae tendinea

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23
Q

Pulmonary trunk and semilunar valve is and does

A

The pulmonary trunk drains the right ventricle
Connects right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries
The pulmonary semilunar (three crescent moon shaped cusps) valve sits at the base (beginning) of the pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

Left atrium is and does

A

Thin walled chamber
Receives pulmonary veins
Left auricle – similar to right atrium

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25
Q

Left ventricle is and does

A

Thick walled and forms the apex of the heart
Receives outflow from left atrium by way of left AV (mitral) valve
Left AV valve is supported by chordae tendinea and papillary muscle

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26
Q

Aortic semilunar valve is where

A

Separates left ventricle from aorta

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27
Q

Aorta disturbs what from where

A

Distributes blood from Left ventricle to the body

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28
Q

Interventricular septum is where

A

Partition b/w ventricles

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29
Q

Interatrial septum is where

A

Partition b/w atria

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30
Q

Valves are and do

A

All the heart valves occur at approximately the same level in the heart.
Anchored in the connective tissue that separates the atria from the ventricles.
Function as one way valves

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31
Q

Av valves do what

A
  1. One border of the cusp (valve leaflet) is attached to the inner wall of the ventricle at the junction of atrium and ventricle
  2. The free borders are loosely attached to the wall of the ventricle by chordae tendinae which are fibrous cords resembling the strings of a parachute
  3. The chordae tendinae prevent the valves from flipping into the atria when the ventricles contract
  4. Instead, the AV valve closes as the blood in the ventricle pushes the valve leaflets together
  5. Blood must leave by the aorta or pulmonary trunk
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32
Q

The two semilunar valves are and do

A

Aortic and pulmonary
Prevent blood from returning into the ventricles when the ventricles relax

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33
Q

Arteries come from and turn into

A

Arteries have thicker, more muscular, walls than veins
Arteries start as large vessels which carry blood away from the heart and divide into smaller and smaller branches
Smaller arteries are called arterioles , which feed the capillaries

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34
Q

Capillaries are

A

thin walled tubes which are only wide enough for one red blood cell

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35
Q

The walls of capillaries are

A

selectively permeable for small molecules
Water, oxygen and nutrients leave the blood to enter the tissue
Waste products from the tissues to enter the blood

36
Q

Excess fluid is removed from the

A

Lymph vessels

37
Q

Capillaries unit into

A

Once capillaries have passed through the tissue they unite to form venules which in turn unite to form larger and larger veins

38
Q

The largest veins empty into

A

some are called vena cava, then empty back into the heart

39
Q

Compared to arteries veins are

A

Larger
Have thinner walls
Are more superficial
Contain valves , usually where 2 or more veins unite to form a larger vein
These valves prevent blood from being forced back into capillary beds
Flow has to be towards the heart

40
Q

First step after blood is pumped into tissue capillaries

A

Fluid is forced out at the arterial end by the hydrostatic pressure generated by the heart
This is filtration: only water and small molecules (ions and nutrients) can get through the gaps between cells

41
Q

Second step after blood is pumped into tissue capillaries

A

Fluid is reabsorbed back into the capillary at the venule end
Hydrostatic pressure is low
Plasma proteins are more concentrated
Their osmotic pressure draws water back in
Oncotic pressure is the name for this part of osmotic pressure generated by molecules (mainly albumin) that are too large to escape through capillary pores

42
Q

Edema can result form excssively

A

Leaky blood vessels
High hydrostatic pressure (heart failure)
Low oncotic pressure (low albumin) e.g. liver failure or GI disease

43
Q

Two circulatory system and what they supply

A

a pulmonary circulation that supplies the lungs and a systemic circulation that supplies everything else

44
Q

Venous blood oxygen content

A

Low in oxygen content

45
Q

Atrial blood oxygen content

A

High in oxygen content

46
Q

Flow of blood from tissue to pulmonary arteries

A

Unoxygenated blood from tissues → veins → cranial and caudal vena cava → right atrium → right atrio-ventricular valve (AV, tricuspid) → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → left and right pulmonary arteries—> lungs

47
Q

Blood flow of Oxygenated blood to body to tissue of body

A

Oxygenated blood to body → Left and right pulmonary veins → left atrium → left atrio-ventricular valve (AV, bicuspid, mitral) → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → arteries → tissues of body

48
Q

Is pulmonary vein oxygenated

A

Yes

49
Q

IS systemic vein oxygentaed

A

No

50
Q

Pulmonary circulation circulates through the

A

The part of the vascular system that circulates all the blood through the lungs .

51
Q

Pulmonary circulation consists of

A

The part of the vascular system that circulates all the blood through the lungs .
Consists of a pulmonary trunk supplying pulmonary arteries which in turn supply capillaries before being collected in pulmonary veins and returned to the left heart.
Vast capillary network running very close to the alveoli of the lungs.

52
Q

Pulmonary circulation goes through

A

Oxygen from air inspired into the alveoli is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood.
As gas exchange occurs, the colour of the blood changes from the dark red colour of unoxygenated blood to the bright red colour of oxygenated blood

53
Q

The place where blood is unoxygenated in the arteries

A

The pulmonary circulation is the only place where unoxygenated blood is found in the arteries and oxygenated blood is found in the veins

54
Q

Somatic circulation carries

A

Systemic circulation
Carries oxygenated blood to all areas of body except the lungs and then returns unoxygenated blood to the heart.

55
Q

Aorta carries

A

Blood from left v of the heart to tissues

56
Q

3 segments of aorta

A

Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta

57
Q

Ascending aorta is located in

A

Connects L. ventricle to aortic arch
Supplies the coronary arteries

58
Q

Descending aorta further subdivided

A

Thoracic and abdominal portions

59
Q

Two branches from the aortic trunk

A

Brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery

60
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk is and branches into

A

supplies the head and the right thoracic limb. Branches into:
Common carotid arteries: supply the head
Right subclavian artery: supplies the right thoracic limb

61
Q

Left subclavian artery is into

A

supplies the left thoracic limb
the subclavian arteries continue down the thoracic limb as the axillary arteries which become the brachial arteries, then the median arteries.

62
Q

The descending aorta branches into

A

Celiac artery
Cranial mesenteric artery
Renal arteries
Testicular or ovarian arteries
Caudal mesenteric artery
Iliac arteries (external and internal)
Median sacral artery

63
Q

Celiac artery is and divides into

A

an unpaired artery starting just caudal to the diaphragm
Divides into 3 branches
Hepatic artery: goes to the liver
Left gastric artery: goes to the stomach
Splenic artery: goes to the spleen

64
Q

Cranial mesenteric artery is and supplies

A

unpaired, originates caudal to the celiac artery
Supplies branches to most of the intestines

65
Q

Renal arteries are

A

Paired arteries which supply the kidneys

66
Q

Testicular or ovarian arteries are

A

paired arteries supply the testes or ovaries.
Originate caudal to the renal arteries

67
Q

Caudal mesenteric artery supply

A

unpaired artery, supplies the descending colon

68
Q

External iliac arteries are paired with and go to

A

paired arteries which continue down the pelvic limb as femoral arteries, become the popliteal arteries, then the cranial tibial arteries

69
Q

Iliac arteries supply

A

supply pelvis and pelvic limbs

70
Q

Internal iliac arteries are paired with

A

paired arteries that branch off just caudal to the external iliac and supply the gluteals

71
Q

Medial sacral artery is the

A

unpaired. A continuation of the aorta that supplies the tail. Sometimes called the caudal artery

72
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

A portal circulation carries blood from the capillaries of one organ to those of another.
There are several portal systems in the body.
Blood drains from capillaries of the stomach, spleen, intestines and pancreas
Enters mesenteric, gastroduodenal and splenic veins
Collected into the (hepatic) portal vein
Transported to the liver where blood enters sinusoids (like large capillaries).

73
Q

Portal circulation

A

In the liver nutrients can be modified and/or stored for future use
Also gives the liver a chance to detoxify any harmful substances that may have been absorbed from the digestive tract
The blood passes from sinusoids into the central veins of each liver lobule and eventually form hepatic veins (not part of the portal system) which empty blood into the caudal vena cava.

74
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Left and right coronary arteries come off the root of the aorta
Supplies blood to the myocardium
In people, it can become blocked by fatty deposits resulting in damage to the heart muscle, called a coronary. Treated by balloon angioplasty or bypass surgery

75
Q

Vena cava is

A

the cranial and caudal vena cava are the large veins returning from the cranial and caudal parts of the body. They enter the heart at the right atrium

76
Q

Cranial vena cava is the

A

returns blood from head and thoracic limbs
Formed by the convergence of the right and left brachiocephalic veins.
These are are formed by the external and internal jugular veins from the head and the subclavian veins from the thoracic limbs

77
Q

Caudal vena cava is

A

returns blood to the heart from pelvis, pelvic limbs, abdomen, and thoracic cavity

78
Q

Common iliac veins are

A

drain blood from the pelvic limbs into the caudal vena cava

79
Q

Testicular or ovarian veins are

A

on right side located just caudal to the renal veins; on the left side it joins the renal vein prior to draining into caudal vena cava
Drain testicles or ovaries

80
Q

Renal veins drain

A

Kidneys

81
Q

Portal veins transports

A

transports blood from spleen and digestive tract to liver
Part of the portal circulation (discussed later)

82
Q

Hepatic vein drains

A

Liver
Empty into the caudal vena cava

83
Q

Azygous vein drains

A

Part of the thoracic cavity and abdomen

84
Q

Fetal circulaiotn

A

Fetal blood circulates through the placenta (which is physically distinct from the fetus itself).
Carbon dioxide and waste products in the fetal blood are exchanged for oxygen and nutrients from the blood of the mother.
In the fetus, the lungs are collapsed and non functional, they resist blood flow through the lungs.
Blood is diverted from the right side of the heart to the left side
Blood from the placenta enters the fetus through the umbilical veins (oxygenated)

85
Q

What happens to the fetal circulation at birth

A

Air expands the lungs making blood flow easier
The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close
Initially by muscle contraction
Later by fibrosis
The attachment to the placenta is lost and umbilical arteries and veins atrophy
The ductus venosus closes

86
Q

Blood is diverted from the right side to the left through the in fetal

A

A hole between the atria called ovale
A direct connection from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta called the ductus arteriosus.

87
Q

Blood from the umbilical cord goes through

A

Pass through the abdomen
Travels through the ductus venosus
Bypasses the liver
Drains directly into the vena cava

APHY 101 (7 decks)

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