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Cardiovascular System Histology Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 circulatory systems of the blood vascular system?

A
  1. Pulmonary:
    blood: heart → lungs = arterial system
    blood: lungs → heart = venous system
  2. Systemic:
    blood: heart → body = arterial system
    blood: body → heart = venous system
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2
Q

Differentiate between the macro and microvasculature of the heart.

A

Macrovasculature: seen with naked eye
- elastic + muscular arteries
(+ corresponding veins)
* arteries = heart → microvasculature
* veins = microvasculature → heart

Microvasculature: visible with microscope

  • arterioles, capillaries, venules, arteriovenous anastomoses
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3
Q

What are the 3 layers/ tunics of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica internal
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of the internal tunic (tunica interna/ intima) and does it have a blood supply?

A

inner: endothelial layer → simple squamous epithelium + basal lamina

middle: subendothelial layer→ collagen + elastic fibres, fibrocytes, smooth m.

outer: internal elastic membrane → elastin with gaps to tunica media
[not in smaller veins)

Avascular, oxygen via transendothelial transport from circulating blood

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5
Q

How do the 2 muscle layers of the tunica media differ?

A

inner: concentric layers of smooth m.
→ elastic + collagen fibres

outer: external elastic membrane
[in large muscular arteries]

blood supply:
nutrients from internal + external tunis - vasa vasorum

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6
Q

Characteristics of the tunica externa/ adventitia?

A

→ CT: elastic + collagen
→ smooth m.
→ blood supply: vasa vasorum
→ nerves: vasomotor n. = nervi vasorum
= nerve plexus in large vessels

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7
Q

Function of arteries?

A

carry blood away from heart

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A
  1. Large arteries = elastic a.
  2. Medium arteries = muscular a.
  3. Small arteries = arterioles
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9
Q

Function of elastic arteries?

A

↓ blood P/ flow fluctuations caused by heartbeat.

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10
Q

Briefly describe the different tunics/ layers of elastic arteries (large arteries)

A

Internal layer (tunica interna):
= Thick
= brick shaped endothelium
→subendothelium = smooth m. + collagen + elastic fibres
→internal elastic membrane splits into laminae (sheaths)

Middle layer (tunica media):
= thickest
→ circular layers of elastic laminae that has openings for com.

External layer:
= thin
→ collagen
→ vasa vasorum + nervi vasorum

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11
Q

Difference between inner and outer limits of tunica media of elastic arteries VS muscular arteries

A

Inner and outer limits of tunica media is not as well defined in elastic as in musclar.

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12
Q

Function of muscular arteries (medium size)

A

Controls the blood flow to organs in response to autonomic regulation/ local chem. signals

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13
Q

Briefly describe the different tunics/ layers of muscular arteries

A

Internal layer:
= brick shaped endothelium
→ subendothelium = thin = collagen + elastic fibres (can have smooth m. in larger muscular arteries)
→ Internal elastic membrane = prominent with openings: endothelium processes contact smooth m. in middle layer.

Middle layer:
= Thick
→ circular layer of smooth m.
→ internal elastic membrane
→ external elastic membrane = discontinuous

External layer:
= Thick (similar to middle layer)
→ collagen + elastin fibres

*NOTE: smaller m. arteries → middle and external layers have less smooth m. and elastic fibres

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14
Q

Function of aterioles

A
  1. blood → capillaries at low pressure
  2. regulate blood flow through capillary beds
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15
Q

Briefly describe the different tunics/ layers of arterioles

A

Internal layer:
= endothelial layer
= thin subendothelial layer (collagen + elastic fibres)
X internal elastic membrane

Middle layer:
= 1-3 layers of smooth m. (thin layer)
= can have collagen
X external elastic membrane

External layer:
= loose CT

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16
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Facilitate gas exchange and other substances between blood and interstitial fluid

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17
Q

Briefly describe the different tunics/ layers of capillaries

A

Internal layer:
= endothelial walls
= porous basal lamina

  • pericytes: undiff. mesenchymal cells in basal lamina of capillaries that can transform into fibroblasts, macrophages, smooth m. and osteoblasts

Middle layer: Absent

External layer:
= reticular fibres
X absent in central nervous system capillaries

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous
    = all organs, no pores
  2. Fenestrated
    = GIT, many pores
  3. Porous
    = glomeruli of kidney, pores
  4. Sinusoids
    = liver, bone marrow, endocrine glands, open pores
    [discontinuous basal lamina]
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19
Q

Describe the structure of the capillary bed

A

Blood → arteriole → precapillary sphincter→ capillary bed: central canal with branches→ where nutrients diffuse to tissue and waste is taken up → venous system: postcapillary venule → pericytic venule → muscluar venule

precapillary sphincter acts as a gate to regulate blood flow through capillary bed

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of venules?

A
  1. Post capillary/ high endothelial (smallest)
  2. Pericytic (collecting)
  3. Muscular (largest)
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21
Q

What is the function of arteriovenous anastomoses?

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A

Direct route between arterioles and venules

22
Q

Characteristics of veins

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A
  1. thin walls, large lumens
  2. less smooth m. = collapses
  3. Thicker external layer,
    - middel and inner layers are the same
  4. More collagen, less elastin
  5. Veins have valves
23
Q

Function of veins

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A

Blood flow to heart

24
Q

Structure of a small vein

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A

Internal layer:
= endothelium lining
= thin subendothelial layer

Middle layer:
= 2-3 smooth m. layers with CT between them

External layer
= Thick, CT

25
Structure of a medium vein
Internal layer: = endothelium lining = thin subendothelial layer - collagen + elastin = internal elastic membrane in larger vessels (more prominent) Middle layer: = smooth m. + collagen + elastic fibre layers (CT between m.) External layer: = Thickest = CT
26
Structure of a large vein
Internal layer: = cuboidal endothelium = Subendothelial layer with CT + smooth m. = internal elastic membrane less prominent Middle layer: = much thinner than arteries = collagen + elastic fibres = very little smooth m. External layer: = Thickest = collagen + elastic fibres = smooth m. [large bundles - longitudinal]
27
Function of carotid body
Sensory receptor (chemoreceptor) = monitors changes in chem. composition of blood =dense CT capsule = sinusoidal network encloses cells
28
2 cell types found in carotid body
1. Granular endocrine cells: = granules with catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) = synapse with non-myelinated nerves 2. Sustentacular cells: = few/no granules = supporting cells = partially enclose granular endocrine cells
29
Function of carotid sinus
Sensory receptor: baroreceptor = monitor changes in blood P = found in dilation of common carotid artery = dilation has thin middle and thick external layer [has many mechanoreceptors)
30
What are the 3 layers that the wall of the heart is composed of?
1. Inner = endocardium 2. Middle = Myocardium 3. Outer = Epicardium
31
Function of the endocardium
- Lines atria + ventricles - Forms heart valves
32
What are the 3 layers of the endocardium?
1. Endothelial 2. Subendothelial 3. Subendocardial + layer
33
What are the 3 layers of the endocardium composed of?
1. Endothelial: - simple squamous endothelium 2. Subendothelial - Dense CT = collagen + elastic fibres - smooth m. 3. Subendocardial - Loose CT = collagen + elastic fibres - adipose tissue - blood vessels - lymph vessels - Purkinje fibres: conduct impulses in the ventricles
34
Name the types of cardiac valves
= Atrioventricular valves: - Mitral - Tricuspid = Semilunar - Aortic - Pulmonary
35
Discuss the different strata of atrioventricular valves
1. Stratum spongiosum = on atrial side = Collagen + elastic fibres + blood vessels 2. Stratum fibrosum = on ventricular side = Collagen > connected to fibrous rings that encircle valves = Collagen > connected to chordae tendineae
36
What is the thickest layer of the heart wall?
Myocardium
37
What is the Myocardium composed of?
1. cardiac muscle 2. Cardiac skeleton 3. Conducting system
38
Describe the cardiac muscle that the myocardium is composed of
> Loose CT encloses m. bundles > capillaries, lymph vessels, nerves > atrial granules present that contain natriuretic peptide (homeostasis)
39
Discuss the 3 parts of the cardiac skeleton of the myocardium
1. Fibrous rings: = Collagen = surrounds the: - atrioventricular openings - aortic opening - Pulmonary trunk opening 2. Fibrous triangles: = CT between atrioventricular openings and base of aorta = CT types: - Pig + cat: dense CT - Dog: fibrocartilage - Horse: Hyaline cartilage - Bovine: Bone 3. Fibrous/ membranous part of interventricular septum: = collagen
40
What is the function of the conducting system of the myocardium?
Coordinates contraction of myocardium so that blood is efficiently pumped out of the chambers
41
What 3 structures make up the conducting system of the myocardium?
1. Sinoatrial node 2. Atrioventricular node 3. Atrioventricular bundle
42
What is the function of the Sinoatrial node, where is it located and what is it composed of?
Function: pacemaker Where: in the right atrium (part of the conducting system of the myocardium) Composition: Nodal fibres: = few myofibrils = no intercalated disks = loose CT with ganglion cells and nerve fibres = connected to normal cardiac muscle cells
43
Discuss the atrioventricular node of the conducting system of the myocardium
Composition: Branching Nodal fibres located between normal cardiac m. and atrioventricular bundle fibres
44
Discuss the atrioventricular bundle of the conducting system of the myocardium
The atrioventricular bundle is not located inside the myocardium, but it acts on it as part of its conduction system = Composed of Purkinje fibres (in subendothelial layer) = intercalated disks present
45
What is the pericardium?
Membranous sac that encloses the heart.
46
What are the layers of the pericardium?
1. Fibrous layer: = outer layer = collagen + elastic fibres 2. Serous layer: = Parietal layer > simple squamous epithelium [mesothelium] is attached to fibrous layer by loose CT + Visceral layer [epicardium] > covers myocardium > simple squamous epithelium [mesothelium] is attached to myocardium by loose CT
47
What types of vessels make up the Lymph vascular system?
1. Lymph capillaries 2. Small + medium lymph vessels 3. Large lymph vessels
48
Function and location of lymph capillaries
Function: Drain excess interstitial fluid Location: Loose CT = Absent in: CNS, bone, cartilage & liver
49
Structure of lymph capillaries
*Endothelium: thin with gaps *Basal lamina: discontinuous/ absent *Anchoring filaments: connect lymph capillary to collagen + elastic fibres to keep the capillary lumen open *Valves= endothelial fold [can be present]
50
Structure of small and medium lymph vessels
Internal layer: - endothelium: simple squamous + basal lamina [continuous] - Subendothelial: Thin CT layer - valves Middle layer: 1/2 m. layers External: Blends with surrounding CT
51
Structure of large lymph vessels
Internal layer: - endothelium - subendothelial: longitudinal collagen + elastic fibres - no internal elastic membrane Middle layer: Smooth m. + collagen + elastic fibres External layer: Smooth m. + collagen + elastic fibres

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