Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN 132 - Systems Physiology II > Cardiovascular System Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What Components make up the Cardiovascular system? (3)

A
  1. Heart - pump, driving force
  2. Blood Vessels (Vascular System)
    - Passageways, circulation
  3. Blood - Fluid Connective Tissue, medium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much blood is in the human body?

A
  • 8% of Body Weight
  • 5 L of Blood Volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 2 Components make up blood?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Cellular Elements
    - Erythrocytes - RBC’s
    - Leukocytes - WBC’s
    - Thrombocytes - Platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does plasma consist of? (3)

A
  1. 92% Water - fluid portion
  2. 7% Plasma Proteins
    - produced in Liver & circulating in plasma
  3. 1% other solutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What “other” solutes are found in plasma?
(5)

A
  • Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride..)
  • Nutrients (carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals)
  • Wastes (urea, creatinine, bilirubin)
  • Gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
  • Regulatory Substances (hormones, enzymes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What fluids are found outside the cell?
(3)

A
  1. Extracellular Fluid (outside cells)
  2. Plasma (outside cells in blood)
  3. Interstitial Fluid (outside cells in tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Compartment Shifts?

A

Under certain conditions get exchange between compartments.

  • Plasma <–> Interstitial
  • Intracellular <–> Extracellular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are Cellular Elements developed?
(erythrocytes. leukocytes, thrombocytes)

A

All initially formed in red bone marrow
- 100 billion new cells/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What specific type of stem cell can form all mature blood cells?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Myeloid Stem Cells?

A

Myeloid Stem Cells can form all mature blood cell lines except lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Lymphoid Stem Cells?

A

Lymphoid Stem Cells mature to form Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Precursor Cells? (Blast Cells)

A

Precursor cells (blast cells)
– committed to forming a particular mature blood cell line.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 2 Cellular Elements are found in the Cardiovascular System?

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. thrombocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are Thrombocytes (platelets) Formed?
(5)

A
  1. Originate from a Myeloid Stem Cell
  2. Leads to a Megakaryoblast
  3. Forms a large Megakaryocyte
  4. Megakaryocyte breaks into Cell Fragments
  5. These fragments are Platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the lifespan of a Platelet?

A

5-9 days
(have no nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of the Thrombocytes in Hemostasis? (3 Steps)

A

Step 1 - Platelet Adhesion

Step 2 - Platelet Activation

Step 3 - Platelet Aggregation

17
Q

What is Platelet Adhesion?
(Step 1)

A

Platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers at a damage site using the von Willebrand factor secreted by damaged endothelium and platelets (forms bridge).

18
Q

What is Platelet Activation?
(Step 2) (3)

A
  • Adhesion triggers platelets to release vesicle contents into blood including:
    Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), Serotonin
  • This triggers the activation of local platelets
    (changes in shape, metabolism & Surface Proteins)
  • Synthesis and release of THROMBOXANE A2 triggers activation and attraction of circulating platelets to damage site
19
Q

What is Platelet Aggregation? (3)

A
  • Platelet Activation causes platelets to stick to one another and form an accumulating mass called a PLATELET PLUG
  • Prostacyclin (PGI2) and nitric oxide (NO) release from healthy endothelium to prevent platelet steps
  • Platelet Plug size and spread is kept in check
20
Q

What is the role of Aspirin in Platelet Aggregation?

A

blocks steps in platelet plug formation.

21
Q

What is Blood Coagulation or Clotting?
Where does it form?

A

Conversion of blood to solid state; forms around initial platelet plug location.

22
Q

What 2 Forces promote and oppose Blood Coagulation?

A

Procoagulant – promotes clotting

Anticoagulant – opposes clotting

23
Q

What is Procoagulant?
(Promotes Clotting) (3)

A
  • Damage site starts a clotting cascade
  • Calcium release leads to circulating fibrinogen (inactive) being converted into fibrin (active) which forms a mesh network at the damage site.
  • Material (blood cells, platelets, proteins) becomes trapped in mesh and forms a clot
24
Q

What is Anticoagulant?
(Opposes Clotting)

A
  • Secretion:
    tissue factor pathway inhibitor, antithrombin III
  • Activation:
    protein C / drugs: heparin, warfarin
  • These inactivate clotting factors and block steps in the clotting cascade
25
Q

When do Clots dissolve?

A

Once repair is done or if clot forms at inappropriate location

26
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

clot-dissolving

27
Q

How are Clots Dissolved?

A

Plasminogen (inactive) is incorporated into clot as it is formed.

The release of a plasminogen activator by endothelial cells converts plasminogen (inactive) to plasmin (active) to dissolve clot

28
Q

Active vs Inactive

A

Fibrinogen (inactive)

Fibrin (active)

Plasminogen (inactive)

Plasmin (active)

29
Q

What are the two main Intravascular Clots?

A

Thrombos and Embolus

30
Q

What is a Thrombus?

A

blood clot attached to the inner vessel wall.

31
Q

What is an Embolus?

A

free floating clot; often a small piece of a thrombus that has broken free

32
Q

What are the risks involved with Intravascular Clots?

A

Occlusion – blockage of blood vessel
(local or distant site; partial or complete)

33
Q

What medical problems can arise from Intravascular Clots in Specific Blood Vessels?

A
  • Coronary blood vessels –
    myocardial infarction (heart attack).
  • Cerebral or cerebellar blood vessels – stroke.
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) – especially legs
    (long periods of sitting, air travel concern)
34
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Plaque (fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste, etc.) forms on an inner artery wall.

Occlusion risk – plaques often rupture triggering a thrombus to form at the site or can lead to a piece breaking away as an embolus/cycle of repeated plaque rupture – clot growth can be rapid.

35
Q

Are Platelets Cells?

A
  • Platelets are NOT cells,
  • They are cell fragments
  • Have no Nucleus
36
Q

What is the Von Willebrand Factor?

A

Von Willebrand factor is a blood protein that plays a key role in blood clotting by helping platelets adhere to blood vessel walls.

37
Q

Platelet Steps Summary

A
  1. Adhesion: When a blood vessel is injured, platelets stick to the exposed area.
  2. Activation: These adhered platelets change shape and release chemical signals.
  3. Aggregation: Activated platelets attract and stimulate other platelets to form a plug at the injury site.
  4. Clot Formation: This plug, reinforced by threads of fibrin, creates a stable blood clot, stopping the bleeding.

KIN 132 - Systems Physiology II (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions