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cardiovascular system-mr smith Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

what are the two waste products of the body

A

lactic acid
carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

body’s transport system

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3
Q

what divides the heart into two

A

muscular wall the septum
each side split into two chambers-ventricles and atrium

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4
Q

what does the atria do

A

push blood down into the ventricles

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5
Q

what is the difference between atria and ventricles

A

ventricles have ,much thicker muscular walls and need to contract with greater force to allow to push blood out of heart

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6
Q

where does the left side of the heart have to pump blood too

A

the whole body/ much bigger then the right side

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7
Q

where does the right side of the heart have to pump blood too

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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8
Q

what does the vena cava do

A

brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium

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9
Q

what does the pulmonary vein do

A

brings oxygenated blood back to the left atrium

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10
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do

A

leaves the right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to the lungs

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11
Q

what does the aorta do

A

leaves the left ventricle with oxygenated blood leading to the body

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12
Q

how many main valves are in the heart

A

4

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13
Q

what do valves do

A

prevent blood backflow
ensure blood moving in one direction
open to allow blood to flow through
close to prevent blood backflow

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14
Q

what are the names of the valves in the heart

A

tricuspid
bicuspid
semi-lunar

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15
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system do

A

sympathetic-stimulates heart to beat faster
parasympathetic-returns heart to resting level

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16
Q

what two parts is the nervous system made up of

A

central nervous system-spinal cord and brain
peripheral nervous system-nerve cells that transmit info to and from CNS

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17
Q

what are the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system coordinated by

A

cardiac control centre located in the medulla oblogata in the brain

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18
Q

cardiac control centre is stimulated by what

A

chemoreceptors
proprioceptors
baroreceptors

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19
Q

what do chemorecpetors detect

A

increase in co2
detect chemical changes
stimulates the sympathetic nervous system means heart beats faster
heart rate increase

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20
Q

what do baroreceptors detect

A

changes in blood pressure
signal the medulla in the brain
results in
decrease of heart rate

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21
Q

what do proprioceptors detect

A

change in movement, length and tension
increase in muscle movement means increase in heart rate

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22
Q

where are proprioceptors located

A

muscles tendons and joints

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23
Q

what is adrenaline

A

stress hormone released by the sympathetic nervous system
stimulates SA node(pacemaker)
results in increase of force and speed of contraction

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24
Q

what is the defintion of stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out the heart each contraction

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25
what is stroke volume dependent on
venous return- the volume of blood returning back to the heart vi the veins venous return increase, stroke volume also increase
26
what is starlings law
idea that the more cardiac outputs stetch, the bigger the force of contraction will be greater force of contraction can increase the ejection fraction called starlings law
27
what is the diastole phase
when the heart relaxes and fills with blood
28
definition of heart rate
number of times heart beats per minute
29
what is cardiac output
volume of blood pumped out of heart per minute
30
what is the equation for cardiac output
cardiac output=stroke volume x heart rate stroke volume increase, cardiac output increase
31
how do you calculate your maximum heart rate
220-age
32
what is cardiac hypertrophy
when the cardiac muscle becomes bigger and stronger
33
what is stroke volumes response to exercise
exercise increases, stroke volume increases till around 40-60% effort then plateau
34
what happens to get CHD conorary heart disease
conorary arteries become blocked due to build up of fatty deposits process is called atherosclerosis
35
what can cause atherosclerosis
smoking lack of exercise lack of cholestrol
36
benefits of exercise to the heart
keeps the heart healthy and more efficient pumps more blood around the body as exercise makes heart bigger and stronger resulting in increase in stroke volume
37
what is cardiovascular drift
-a progressive decrease in stroke volume and pressure but increase in heart rate -occurs during exercise longer then 10 minutes in warm environment when intensity stays the same
38
vascular system
-made up of blood vessels -blood vessels carry blood through the body - they deliver oxygen and nutrients to body's tissues -take away waste products e.g. carbon dioxide
39
what are the two types of circulation
pulmonary systematic
40
what are the 5 blood vessels in the vascular system
heart arteries arterioles capillaries veins
41
structural features of veins
thin muscluar layers blood at low pressure contain valves and a wide lumen
41
structural features of veins
thin muscluar layers blood at low pressure contain valves and a wide lumen
42
structural feautures of arteries
high presssure smaller lumen smooth inner layer
43
capilleries
only wide enough to fit one red blood cell to get through at a given time
44
what are the 3 mechanisms used to help venous return
skeletal muscle pump repiratory pump pocket valves
45
skeletal muscle pump
msucles contract and change shape change in shpe means muscles press on nearby veins causes pumping effect squeezing blood back to heart
46
respiratory pump
muscles contract and relax during breathing in and breathing out change in pressure compress the nearby veins forcing blood back to the heart
47
pocket valves
important blood flows only in one direction once blood passed, valves close up to prevent blood backflow
48
other factor that helps blood back to heart (venous return)
gravity
49
what is systolic pressure
pressure in blood when ventricles contracting
50
what is dystollic pressure
pressure in blood when ventricles relaxing systolic pressure increases, increase in venous return systolic pressure decreases, decrease in blood pressure
51
oxygen
during exercise, oxygen diffuses into capillaries supplying skeletal muscle pump 3% dissolves into plasma 97% dissolves into haemoglobin combines making oxyhaemoglobin
52
vascular shunt mechanism
during exercise, more oxygen needed skeletal muscles need more oxygen so more blood cells need to be redirected to meet oxygen demand this redirecting blood flow to areas where it is most needed is vascular shunt mechanism redistribution of blood
53
why should you not eat less then an hour before exercise
full gut would make blood be directed to stomach instead of working muscles detrimental effect on exercise
54
control of blood flow
during exercise chemical chnages such as increase in co2 or lactic acid detected by chemoreceptors they stimulate the vasomotor centre redistribute blood through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
55
what is vasoconstriction
when blood vessel narrows to drecrease blood flow
56
what is vasodilation
when blood vessel widens to increase blood flow
56
what is vasodilation
when blood vessel widens to increase blood flow
57
where does vasodilation occur during exercise
arterioles supplying working muscles
58
where does vasoconstriction occur during exercise
arterioles supplying non-essential organs such as liver and intestines

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