Cardiovascular System Part 1 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Which circuit has the greatest drop in pressure
A
Systemic
2
Q
Which circuit has a medium pressure and resistance
A
Pulmonary
3
Q
Which circuit has a higher pressure and resistance
A
Systemic
4
Q
In which circuit do veins carry deoxygenated blood
A
Systemic
5
Q
In which circuit do arteries carry deoxygenated blood
A
Pulmonary
6
Q
In which circuit do veins carry oxygenated blood
A
Pulmonary
7
Q
In which circuit do arteries carry oxygenated blood
A
Systemic
8
Q
Blood volume found in systemic veins
A
84%
9
Q
Total blood volume
A
5L
10
Q
Total blood output
A
5L/min
11
Q
Ventricular pump: Filling phase
A
Ventricle fills from the venous end (vein)
12
Q
Ventricular pump: Ejection phase
A
Contraction, the volume goes down, inlet valve closed and outlet valve open
13
Q
Ventricular pump: Improvement #1
A
The atrium accumulates venous blood during the ejection phase
14
Q
Ventricular pump: Imporvement #2
A
Adding auricle, increase the capacity of the atrium
15
Q
How outlet valves work
A
- Ventricular ejection
- Ventricular relaxation
- Ventricular pressure decreases
- Pressure in great arteries is larger
- Blood flows to ventricles
- Filling semilunar valves of the ventricles
- Valve flaps forced together to make a seal
16
Q
What is the inner and outer wall of pericardium made of?
A
Single-layer of squamous mesothelium
17
Q
Layers of pericardium from inside out
A
- Visceral pericardium
- Pericardial space (serous fluid)
- parietal pericardium
- fibrous pericardium
18
Q
Where does the apex of the heart point
A
Points inferiorly, anteriorly to the left
19
Q
The right border of the heart is formed mainly by the _______
A
Right atrium
20
Q
The left border of the heart is formed mainly by the ____
A
The left ventricle and partially left atrium
21
Q
The inferior border of the heart is formed mainly by the _______
A
Right ventricle
22
Q
Which valve is not supported by a fibrous ring?
A
The pulmonary valve
23
Q
Pathway of AP
A
SA node -> AV node -> atrioventricular bundle -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibres
24
Q
Elastic artery: Systole
A
Blood flows into the artery faster than it can flow out, it stretches the artery causing it to store kinetic energy
25
Elastic artery: Diastole
Pushes blood out into arterial tree by elastic recoil
26
Elastic artery: structure
many thin sheets of elastin
27
Conduction system of heart: speed of SA node -> atrial muscle
Slow 0.5m/s
28
Conduction system of heart: speed atrioventricular node
Very slow 0.05m/s
29
Conduction system of heart: speed of AV bundle -> Purkinje fibers
Fast 5m/s
30
Conduction system of heart: Result of SA node -> atrial muscle
Atrial contraction
31
Conduction system of heart: Result of Atrioventricular node
100ms second delay, allows atria to top up ventricle with blood
32
Conduction system of heart: Result of AV bundle -> Purkinje fibers
Complete even ventricular contraction = systole
33
Which blood vessel is responsible for the bulk distribution of blood around the body
Muscular artery
34
Muscular artery: blood is proportional to the _th power of the _______
4th power of the radius
35
Muscular artery: Structure
Many layers of circular smooth muscle wrapped around the vessel in the middle tunic
36
Which blood vessel controls blood flow?
Arteriole
37
Which vessel has the greatest pressure drop?
Arteriole: occurs where the greatest resistance to flow is
38
The degree of constriction of arterioles determines
- Total peripheral resistance, which affects:
| - mean arterial blood pressure
39
Arteriole: structure
Between one and three layers of circular smooth muscle wrapped around the vessel in the middle tunic
40
Which blood vessel allows for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and surrounding tissue fluid?
Capillary
41
The capillary
- Tiny thin-walled structures
- Blood flow is slow
- Both allow for the exchange
42
Capillary: structure
- Only wide enough for one blood cell
| - Capillary wall is a single layer of endothelium
43
Which blood vessel carries white blood cells around the body to infections?
Venules
44
Venules
- Low-pressure vessels
- Carry WBC around the body to infection
- Small venules = endothelium + CT
- Large venules also have a single layer of smooth muscle
45
Veins: overview
- Thin-walled, low-pressure vessels
- drain blood back to atria
- walls are easily stretched
46
Veins: structure
- Similar to muscular artery but walls are much thinner for their size (less muscle and CT)
- Larger veins, like those in legs, have valves to prevent backflow
47
Coronary arteries: Overview
- The valve immediately upstream is the aortic valve
- The coronary arteries supply the tissue with oxygenated blood
- The chamber into which the cardiac veins drain is the right atrium
48
With regard to resistance in the cardiovascular system, the parameter with the largest effect is:
Radius
49
An increase in cardiac sympathetic activity would most likely and immediately:
increase stroke volume
50
The component of the conduction system providing the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is the:
Atrioventricular bundle
51
With regards to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, an increase in venous return to the heart will result in:
An increase in end-diastolic volume
52
Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve would result in:
Bradycardia - Bradycardia means your heart rate is slow. This can be completely normal and desirable, but sometimes it can be an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). If you have bradycardia and you have certain symptoms along with the slow heart rate, then it means your heartbeat is too slow
53
A decrease in arterial blood pressure would most likely and immediately lead to:
Decreased afterload
54
Cardiac output
The volume of blood ejected into the aorta from the left ventricle per minute
55
Stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped out from one ventricle in one cardiac cycle
56
Venous return
Rate of blood returning back to the heart every minute (flow)
57
Cardiac reserve
- The difference between cardiac output when the heart is working as hard as it can and when it is at rest
- = maximum cardiac output - minimum cardiac output
58
Preload
The stretch on the heart before it contracts (EDV)
59
Contractility
The strength/force of contraction at any given preload
- Can be increased by positive inotropic agents (promote Ca2+ entry/influx during cardiac APs)
- Can be decreased by negative inotropic agents (increase K+ entry or decrease Ca2+ entry)
60
Afterload
The pressure required for the blood to be pushed out of the ventricles and into the arteries (the pressure that needs to be overcome to open the semilunar outlet valves)
Increased afterload = decreased stroke volume
61
Frank-Starling law of the heat
More preload = greater force of contractility/inotrophy
(More blood pumped in during diastole = more blood pumped out in systole = increase in SV)
The more the heart is filled is diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole
62
Blood flows from the pulmonary veins into the:
left atrium
63
During the cardiac cycle, the volume of blood in the ventricles:
Decreases most rapidly in the phase of ventricular ejection
64
The function of the Chordae tendineae is to:
Prevent eversion of the AV valves during ventricular systole
65
The part of the heart's conduction system which conducts most slowly is the
Fibers of the AV node
66
Closest CSF producing structure to the midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
67
The semilunar valve is between the:
the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
68
Atrioventricular valves close when the:
ventricles contract
69
Atrioventricular valves open when the:
Ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure
70
The function of the Chordae tendineae is to:
Prevent eversion of the AV valves during ventricular systole
71
What occurs when the aortic and mitral valves are both closed?
Pressure in the left ventricle is either rapidly increasing or decreasing
72
Which structures, seen in a coronal section of the brain, are all white matter?
Corpus callosum
Cerebral peduncles
Internal capsule
73
Blood flows into the coronary arteries from the:
Ascending aorta
74
Coronary arteries are classified as:
Muscular arteries
75
The SA node is located in the:
the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava
76
During the cardiac cycle the papillary muscles contract when:
the mitral and tricuspid valves are closing
77
What are the four landmarks visible on the lateral side of the human brain, that define the lobes?
- Lateral fissure
- Preoccipital notch
- End of parieto-occipital sulcus
- Central sulcus
78
The Frank-starling law states that
a greater force of contraction can occur if the heart muscle is stretched first
79
The second heart sound (dupp) is created by the:
turbulence generated as a result of the closing of the semilunar valves
80
The fibrous skeleton of the human heart:
- It provides attachment for the ventricular inlet and outlet valve cusps
- It acts as an electrical insulator between the atrial muscle and ventricular muscle
- It acts to prevent distortion of the ventricular inlet and outlet valves
- It is penetrated by the atrioventricular bundle of the heart's conduction system
81
Baroreceptors are located in the:
walls of the aorta and carotid arteries
82
A fall in blood pressure results in:
a decrease in afferent baroreceptor nerve firing
83
Blood flows most slowly through the:
capillaries because their total cross-sectional area is the largest
84
During the cardiac cycle the papillary muscles contract when:
the mitral and tricuspid valves are closing
85
Blood pressure is highest in which blood vessel?
Brachiocephalic trunk
86
Net filtration equation
NFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)
87
The pulmonary and aortic valves lack Chordae tendineae because:
when the valves close the cusps remain stable because of their cup-shape
88
An increase in venous return most directly affects
stroke volume
89
Stimulation of the heart by autonomic nerve fibers traveling with the vagus nerve causes:
decreased heart rate and no change in ventricular contractility
90
If Ach is applied to the heart, but the cardiac output is to remain constant, which of the following would have to happen?
stroke volume must increase
91
An increase in the preload on the heart is most likely to result from:
an increase in blood volume
92
A decrease in arterial blood pressure would most likely and immediately lead to
decreased afterload
93
Deoxygenated blood leaves the ___ side of the heart towards the lungs to receive oxygen
right
94
Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the ___ side of the heart
left
95
Oxygenated blood leaves the ___ side of the heart towards to rest of the body to provide oxygen for body systems
left
96
Superior vena cava
Vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body (head and upper limbs) to the right atrium of the heart
97
Inferior vena cava
Vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart
98
Pulmonary trunk
blood vessel that divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries
99
Pulmonary artery
Blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
100
Pulmonary vein
Blood vessel that transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the atrium of the heart
101
Outlet valves of the heart are the ___ and ___ valves
aortic and pulmonary
102
Inlet valves of the heart are the ___ and ___ valves
triscuspid and mitral
103
Outlet valves are sometimes described as ___, due to their shape
semilunar
104
Both aortic and pulmonary valves have ___ cusps and ___ cords
three
| lack
105
The peak pressure in the left atrium is __ mmHg
5
106
The peak pressure in the left ventricle is __ mmHg
120
107
The peak pressure in the right atrium is ___mmHg
2-3
108
The peak pressure in the right ventricle is __ mmHg
25
109
The fibrous skeleton:
fibrous rings that support the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valves
110
The fibrous skeleton strengthens the ___ and ___ valves the most due to their high pressure
Aortic and mitral
111
Dilated cardiomyopathy
dilation of the muscle wall of the heart
112
Mitral regurgitation
an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium cause by disruption of mitral valve function
113
Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the ____ ____ supporting the ___ valve to stretch
Fibrous skeleton
| Mitral
114
Dilated cardiomyopathy affects which ventricle the most and why?
Left, high pressure
115
During mitral regurgitation, the left ___ pressure slightly increases
atrial
