Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Where is the ‘Cerebral Cortex’ and what is it made from?
A
The outer rim of the cerebrum.
Contains billions of layers of neurons
Grey matter
2
Q
Cerebral cortex during embryonic development
A
Grows faster than white matter.
Results in folding in the cortical region
3
Q
What are the left and right hemisphere split by?
A
Longitudle fissure
4
Q
What is cerebral white matter made from?
A
Primarily myelinated axons
5
Q
Name the three types of tracts of cerebral white matter:
A
Association: Nerve impulses through axons to and from gyri in the same hemisphere
Commiseral: Conduct between gyri in different hemispheres
projection: Cerebrum to CNS or low parts of CNS to the cerebrum
6
Q
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
A
The back end of the occipital lobe
7
Q
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
A
The parietal area
8
Q
The lateral fissure primarily separates the:
A
Frontal from temporal lobe
9
Q
The key function of the temporal association cortex:
A
- Memory
- Aggression
- Mood
10
Q
The key function of the frontal association cortex:
A
- Intelligence
- Personality
- Behaviour
11
Q
The key function of the parietal association cortex:
A
- Spacial skills
- 3D recognition
12
Q
The function of arcuate fasciculus
A
- To align speech recognition/comprehension with speech production
- Goes from Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area
- Lesion causes connectional aphasia
13
Q
Major symptoms of a person with non-fluent aphasia
A
- Inability to coordinate muscular movements for generating speech
- Can understand but can’t speak
- Lesion in Broca’s area
14
Q
Fluent aphasia
A
- Caused by a lesion in Wernicke’s area
- Person can speak but not coherently
15
Q
Connectional aphasia
A
- Legion in arcuate fascicula
- Makes people say stuff that isn’t relevant to the conversation
16
Q
Broca’s speech area
A
- Speaking and understanding language
- From this area, nerve impulses pass through premotor regions which control muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth
- Legion = can’t speak thoughts (non-fluent aphasia)
17
Q
Cerebellum function
A
- Smooths and coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
- Regulates posture and balance
18
Q
Parts of diencephalon
A
- Thalamus
- Hypotherlumus
- Epithalamus
19
Q
Thalamus function
A
- Relays almost all sensory information to the cerebral cortex
- Maintenance of consciousness
- Contributes to motor function
20
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- Autonomic nervous system
- Produces, releases, and inhibits hormones like oxytocin and ADH
- Emotional and behavioral patterns
- Regulates satiety, thirst, and temperature
21
Q
Epithalamus
A
- Consists of the pineal gland
- Secretes melatonin
- Habenular nuclei (involved in olfaction)
22
Q
Basal nuclei: primary function
A
1) Receives information from the cerebral cortex
2) Provides output to motor parts of cortex via the medial and ventral group nuclei of the thalamus
23
Q
Basal nuclei: other functions
A
- Initiation and termination of movement
- Control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles
- Made of grey matter
- Lesions can cause Parkinson’s, OCD, schizophrenia, Huntington’s, turrets, etc.
24
Q
The three parts of the brainstem, top to bottom:
A
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
25
Midbrain
- Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts
- Superior colliculi coordinate movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli
- Inferior colliculi do the same but in response to auditory stimulu
26
Superior colliculi
Visual
27
Inferior colliculi
Auditory
28
Pons
- Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts
- Pontine nuclei relay nerve impulses from motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
- Along with medulla, contains vesicular nuclei that are part of equilibrium pathway to the brain
29
Medulla Oblongata
- Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts
30
Cerebrum
- Involved in the perception of information
- Basal nuclei: initiate and terminate movement, regulate muscle tone
- Limbic system: promotes a range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, anger, etc.
31
Anatomy of spinal cord
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Dorsal (sensory) and ventral motor roots
- Grey and white matter
32
Meninges
- The protective connective tissue coverings encircle the spinal cord
- From inside out, pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
33
Spinal cord: motor output
- Ventral root fibers
- Lower motor neurons
peripheral nerve
- motor endplate/muscles
34
Spinal cord: sensory input
- Peripheral receptors/dermatomes
- Discriminative touch and pressure
- Non-discriminative pain and temperature
- Dorsal root fibers/ganglia/central connections
35
Non-discriminative pathways
- Pain and temperature
- Free nerve ending
- Not fired as often
- Slow, about 1m/s
- Unmyelinated
36
Discriminative pathway
- Tough and pressure
- Encapsulated receptor
- Pressure = Pacinian corpsule
- Touch = meisners corpuscle
- Myelinated
37
Discriminative: Neuron 1
Start: Primary root afferent
Middle: Dorsal column of the spinal cord
End: Gracile or cuneate nucleus
38
Discriminative: Neuron 2
Start: Gracile or cuneate nucleus
Middle: Internal arcuate fibers/medial lemniscus
End: ventro-posterior thalamus
39
Discriminative: Neuron 3
Start: Ventro-posterior thalamus
Middle: Internal capsule
End: Primary somatosensory cortex
40
Non-Discriminative: Neuron 1
Start: Primary root afferents
Middle: Dorsal root ganglion
End: Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
41
Non-Discriminative: Neuron 2
Start: Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Middle: lateral spinothalamic tract
End: Ventro-posterior thalamus
42
Non-Discriminative: Neuron 3
Start: Ventro-posterior thalamus
Middle: Internal capsule
End: Primary somatosensory cortex
43
The pathway to the brainstem which conveys discriminative touch and pressure sensation is the:
Medial lemniscus
44
The pathway in the brainstem for non-discriminatory pain and temperature is the:
Lateral spinothalamic tract
45
Both Non-Discriminative and Discriminative pathways terminate in the:
The ventro-posterior nucleus of the thalamus
46
Motor symptoms of lesion on right side of basal ganglia
- Effects left side of the body
- Unrefined voluntary movements
- Difficulty initiating movement
- Difficulty with handwriting and expressing mood due to loss of smoothing system
47
Motor symptoms of lesions on the right side of the cerebellum
- Loss of balance
- Right side of the body
- Difficulty stopping movement
- Loss of normalization of actual movement to align with the planned movement
48
Lesion on right side of arm area in the motor cortex
- Left side of the body
- Loss of voluntary contraction of the limb
- Spastic paralysis
49
Lesion on right side of lower motor neurons of spinal cord
- Right side of the body
- Flaccid paralysis
- Muscles are unable to be controlled either voluntarily or involuntary
50
A patient has a sudden stroke. Their symptoms include:
- Spastic paralysis on the left side of the face and upper left limb
- Loss of hearing in the left ear
- Problems with non-verbal communication
What areas did the stroke affect?
- Right primary motor cortex
- Right auditory complex
- Right somatosensory cortex
- Non-dominant hemisphere (right)
51
Most characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's disease
- Bradykinesia
- Rigidity
- Tremor at rest
52
The most recently developed surgical treatment of P.D is __________ of the region in the basal ganglia known as the ________.
- Deep brain stimulation
| - Subthalamic nucleus/globus pallidus internal
53
The cerebral hemispheres are connected internally by the:
Corpus callosum
54
The cell bodies of upper motor neurons are located in the:
Motor cortex
55
The lateral spinothalamic tract conveys:
Sensory impulses regarding pain and temperature
56
Treatment for Parkinson's disease
- Lesion in the thalamus
- Deep brain stimulation
- A lesion in the globus pallidus
- Drug treatment with L-DOPA
57
Receptors for the pressure that are widely distributed in the subcutaneous tissue and submucosal tissue are the:
Pacinian corpuscles
58
The primary visual area and the visual association area of the cerebral cortex are both located in the:
Occipital lobe
59
The posterior (dorsal) root ganglion is:
Where the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located
60
The medial lemniscus is a projection tract of second-order neurons extending from the:
Medulla to the thalamus
61
Symptoms from a lesion of the corticospinal tract on the right side of the brainstem:
A spastic paralysis on the left side of the body
62
Cell bodies of motor neurons to skeletal muscle are located in the:
Anterior grey horn
63
If a stroke caused damage to the posterior third of the inferior frontal gyrus in the left hemisphere, what would the expected result be?
Motor/expressive aphasia
64
Lamina terminalis:
- In brain
- Thin sheet of grey and pia mater
- Essential in Na+ secretion
- Between hypothalamus and forebrain
65
Septum pellucidum:
- Below corpus callosum
- Partition between a potion of lateral ventricles
- Made of white matter, neurons, fiber bundles, and blood vessels
66
Interventricular foramen
- Near hypothalamus and fornix
- Connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle
- Transport of cerebral spinal fluid through the brain
67
Fornix
- Above hypothalamus
| - Transmits information from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and anterior nucleus of the thalamus
68
These habits and emotions are controlled primarily by the hypothalamus
- Eating and drinking
- Rage and aggression
- Body temperature
- Pain and pleasure
69
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by this structure
Choroid plexus
70
The internal capsule is composed of which fiber tracts
projection tracts
71
Which part of the limbic system functions with other parts of the cerebrum in memory
hippocampus
72
The cerebral lobe that is deep within the lateral cerebral sulcus and not evident in the external view of the brain
insula
73
Paired masses of gray matter within the white matter of the cerebrum that are rich in dopamine and are involved in the maintenance of muscle tone are called
basal ganglia
74
This structure produces a variety of hormones and monitors the water concentration and temperature of the blood
hypothalamus
75
The left side of the cerebrum controls skeletal muscles on the right side of the body because motor neurons cross from left to right where:
medulla
76
In the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland develop from what structure
Diencephalon
77
The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is located where
precentral gyrus
78
the structure that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
infundibulum
79
These abilities are controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere
space and pattern perception
imagination
artistic awareness
muscles on the left side of the body
80
Which cranial nerve contains large motor and sensory components
Vagus
81
The gray matter of the central nervous system consists of these structures
Cell bodies and dendrites
82
The cerebral aqueduct connects what structures
third and fourth ventricles
83
The region of the brain that borders each side of the third ventricle
thalamus
84
Physiological functions regulated by the medulla
Heart rate
respiratory rate
blood vessel diameter
swallowing
85
Pain, pleasure, rage, fear, sorrow, sexual feelings, docility, and affection are primarily functions of which brain area
the limbic system
86
4 major parts of the brain
brain stem
diencephalon
cerebrum
cerebellum
87
CSF is produced in this area because it is lined with these cells
choroid plexus
| ependymal cells
88
The largest cavity located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum is
lateral ventricle
89
The brain area that translates thoughts into speech
Broca's area
90
The brain area that understands words
Wernicke's area
91
The brain structure controls 2 main vital systems and what are they
Medulla: cardiovascular center and respiratory system
92
This area of the cerebrum receives sensations related to taste
primary gustatory area
93
Structures of the diencephalon
thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus
94
The CSF formed in the choroid plexuses and circulates continually through which areas of the brain
subarachnoid spaces
ventricles
central canal
95
Function of CSF
shock absorber
nutrition
waste removal
96
The blood-brain barrier is formed from which cells
astrocytes
97
Brain's islands of white matter are comprised of what structures
axons
98
Brain's islands of grey matter are comprised of what structures
nuclei
99
left brain function
sensation from the right side of the body
controls muscles of the right side of the body
reasoning
math science
language - spoken, written, sign
dominant in right-handed individuals
100
right brain function
```
sensation from the left side of the body
controls muscles on the left side of the body
patterns
music
art
recognition of the face, emotion
the emotional content of language
dominant in left-handed individuals
```
101
Projection tracts are located where
internal capsule
102
the major relay station of the brain for both sensory-motor impulses and autonomic activity
thalamus
103
meaning of the term "limbic"
borderline; located at the border of the cerebrum to the border of the diencephalon
104
2 components of the limbic system
amygdala - rage and aggression
| hippocampus - memory
105
Axons that connect the lower parts of the brain to the cerebrum
Projection tracts
106
The thalamus borders this ventricle
3rd
107
Epithalamus is made of 2 structures
```
the pineal glands
habenular nuclei (regulates emotional responses to odors)
```
108
This gland produces melatonin which promotes sleep
pineal gland
109
Hypothalamus tells this gland what to do
pituitary
