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Comparative Anatomy > Cardiovascular System Part 2 and Sensory Organs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Part 2 and Sensory Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most familiar heart to us?

A

Mammalian 4 chambered heart

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2
Q

What does the design of the mammalian 4 chambered heart allow?

A

Segregation of the cardiovascular system into two distinct loops

  • Pulmonary
  • Systemic
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3
Q

What are the advantages to the segregation of the cardiovascular system seen in the mammalian four chambered heart?

A

Allows different blood pressures for each loop with the systemic pressure being significantly higher than the pulmonary

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4
Q

What are the components of the 4 chambered heart?

A

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary veins

Left atrium

Aortic valve

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Atrioventricular valve

Pulmonary valve

Right atrium

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5
Q

Is this 4-chambered heart the only conformation seen in nature?

A

Cardiac structure differs across species becoming more complex with evolution and the requirement to breathe air

Mammals/avians > Reptiles > Amphibians > Fish

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6
Q

What are the structures seen in these lower vertebrates? (FISH)

A

Simplest of the vertebrate heart forms

A simple linear circulation consisting of one atrium and one ventricle

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7
Q

What are the three possible outflows in each side of the amphibian heart?

A

Carotid

Systemic

Pulmocutaneous

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8
Q

What is an extra adaptation that ambibians have (to do with breathing)?

A

Can skin breathe

The extra mechanism that allows them to sit underwater without having to surface

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9
Q

What is the structure of the amphibian heart?

A

3 chambered

2 atria

1 ventricle

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10
Q

Even though there is only one ventricle, there is some segregation of blood between the pulmonary and systemic circulation in amphibians. How?

A

The angle the blood enters from the atria determines the direction it leaves the ventricle

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11
Q

How does the amphibian ventricle ‘decide’ which direction the blood leaves?

A

The spiral valve

It separates and sorts the blood in the ventricle when it leaves.

If it entered from the left atria = favour carotid and systemic side

If it entered from the right atria = favour pulmocutaneous side of the blood exiting (pulmonary side)

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12
Q

What side does the spiral valve of the amphibian heart favour when blood enters the ventricle from the left atria?

A

The carotid (systemic) side of the blood exiting the heart

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13
Q

What side does the spiral valve of the amphibian heart favour when blood enters the ventricle from the right atria?

A

The pulmocutaneous (pulmonary) side of the blood exiting the heart

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14
Q

What is the most common reptillian heart?

A

A three chambered heart

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15
Q

Which species is the exception to the reptiles having a three-chambered heart rule?

A

Crocodilians

They have 4 chambers!

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16
Q

What is the structure of the 3-chambered reptillian heart?

A

Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Ventricle
- Horizontal septum
- Vertical septum

Two distinct aorta
One pulmonary trunk

There is a degree of variability of the position of left ventricular or right ventricular side

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17
Q

What are the components of the reptillian heart?

A

Right Atrium

Right aorta

Brachiocephalic artery

Left aorta

Cavum pulmonale

Horizontal septum

Cavum venous

Vertical septum

Cavum arteriosum

Common Pulmonary Artery

Left atrium

Left pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary artery

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18
Q

What do we know about the partial septum in the ventricle of the reptilian heart?

A

Goes partway up the ventricle, not the whole way (except crocodilians)

So the ventricle is not split

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19
Q

How is the septum positioned across reptiles?

A

It is different! :)

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20
Q

How is the septum positioned in the ventricles of Chelonians (e.g. Turtles)?

A

They have an arrangement that allows blood from the right atrium (deoxygenated blood) to enter the systemic circulation

Septum is positioned more to the right, making a smaller right ventricle and larger left ventricle. These two ventricles are not completely separated as the septum goes up about 3/4 of the way

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21
Q

How is the septum positioned in the ventricles of Crocodilians?

A

They have a full ventricular septum, but the left aorta is on the right side of the septum and is connected to the left ventricle by a shunt

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22
Q

What is the shunt that connects the left atrium to the left aorta in crocodilians called?

A

The foramen of Panizza

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23
Q

How is the septum positioned in the ventricles of snakes?

A

Septum very close to the left side of the heart, creating a small left ventricle and a large right ventricle.

The blood from the left atrium therefore has to go across into the right ventricle to leave the heart

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24
Q

How is the septum positioned in the ventricles of a lizard?

A

Septum is close to the right side of the heart, creating a small right ventricle and a large left ventricle

Both the left and right atria are aove the left ventricle. Blood must therefore move across the septum from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery

There is a gap in the septum for this to occur

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25
What allows the higher pressure in the systemic circulation?
The four-chambered heart with a double circulation
26
Which species have the highest systemic blood pressure?
Mammals and Avians
27
Which species have a low systemic blood pressure?
Amphibians and fish
28
Which species have an intermediate systemic blood pressure?
Reptiles
29
Do chelonians (tortoise/turtles/terapins) have a high or low systemic blood pressure?
In between low and intermediate
30
What is the fish circulatory system?
Single circulatory system Heart Gills Body
31
What is the bird and mammalian circulatory system?
Double circulatory system Heart - Lungs or - Body
32
What is the amphibian circulation like?
Heart Lungs Skin Body
33
What is the circulatory system of turtles, lizards and snakes like?
Heart Lungs Body But not fully closed so oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix
34
What is the circulatory system of Crocodilians like?
Similar to mammals Heart - Lungs - Body Oxygenated and dexoygenated blood separate due to 4 chambered heart
35
Is there difference in the vasculature across species?
YES There are differences in the anatomy of the great vessels and circulation of the different species, reflecting evolution
36
What is fish vasculature like?
Relatively simple circulation with a ventral aorta leading to a series of afferent arteries that serve the gills, and then efferent arteries and into the dorsal aorta The dorsal aorta supplies the trunk of the animal
37
What is the amphibian vasculature like?
More complex than fish as you now have two options when leaving the heart. Systemic arches enter the dorsal aorta and supply the trunk Pulmocutaneous arches supply the lungs and skin
38
How do amphibians skin breathe?
Pulmocutaneous arches (arteries)
39
What is reptilian vasculature like?
Similar to amphibian Two systemic arches leading to the dorsal aorta and two pulmonary arches leading to the lungs Aortic arches changed and modified to segregate NO CUTANEOUS ARTERIES
40
What is mammalian vasculature like?
Have systemic and pulmonary arches which serve the dorsal aorta and trunk and the lungs respectively
41
What big difference in anatomical layout can you see between mammals and the lower vertebrates?
Loss of symmetry in mammals
42
What is symmetry like in the vasculature of lower vertebrates?
Fish, salamanders (amphibians) are very symmetrical
43
Generally, are the fates of the branchial arch arteries different in species?
Yes In terms of evolution, what they are and do and where they go changes/ Mammals embryonically have 6 and they are symmetrical
44
What is the structure of the embryonic pharyngeal arch arteries?
Right dorsal aorta Right 1st Arch Right 2nd Arch Right 3rd Arch Right 4th Arch Right 5th Arch Right 6th Arch Left dorsal aorta Left 1st Arch Left 2nd Arch Left 3rd Arch Left 4th Arch Left 5th Arch Left 6th Arch Truncus arteriosus Right 7th Intersegmental artery Left 7th Intersegmental artery Fusion of dorsal aorta
45
What are the branchial arch arteries like in primitive fish?
Full set of branchial arch arteries which go to gills, just like embryos
46
What are the branchial arch arteries of mammals like?
Break the symmetry Favour the left side
47
What are the branchial arch arteries of birds like?
Favour the right side
48
Describe the structure of the branchial arch arteries of the cartilaginous fish
Keep all 6 branchial arch arteries Internal carotid External carotids Ventral aorta Afferent branchial artery (5th arch) Conus arteriosus Ventricle Dorsal aorta (paired) Artium Sinus venosus Common cardinal Hepatic vein Dorsal aorta (single)
49
Describe the structure of the branchial arch arteries of the bony fish
Lose the right and left first and second arches Only has the 3rd-6th arches on both sides Internal carotid External carotids Efferent branchial artery (3rd arch) Ventral aorta Afferent branchial artery (5th arch) Conus arteriosus Ventricle Dorsal aorta (paired) Artium Sinus venosus Common cardinal Hepatic vein Dorsal aorta (single)
50
Describe the structure of the branchial arch arteries of amphibians
Lost first two and second to last of the arches on both sides (1-2nd) (5th) the 6th arch is shorter Internal carotid External carotids Common carotid Systemic arch (4th arch) Pulmocutaneous arch (6th arch) Conus arteriosus Ventricle Left atrium Right atrium Sinus venosus Pulmonary vein Subclavian V.C. Dorsal aorta
51
Describe the structure of the branchial arch arteries of reptiles
Lost first two and second to last of the arches on both sides (1-2nd) (5th) the 6th arch is shorter Internal carotid External carotids Common carotid Right arch of the aorta, left arch of the aorta (4th arch) Pulmonary aorta (6th arch) Conus arteriosus Ventricle Left atrium Right atrium Sinus venosus Vena cavae Subclavian artery Coeliac artery Pulmonary vein Dorsal aorta
52
Describe the structure of the branchial arch arteries of avians
Lost the first two and the second to last of the arches on both sides (1-2nd) (5th), the 6th arch is shorter Internal carotid External carotids Common carotid Right subclavian Left subclavian Pulmonary aorta Systemic aorta Right ventricle Left ventricle Right atria Left atria V.C. Pulmonary vein Dorsal aorta
53
Describe the structure of the branchial arch arteries of mammals
Lost the first two and the second to last of the arches on both sides (1-2nd) (5th), the 6th arch is shorter Internal carotid External carotids Common carotid Right subclavian Left subclavian Systemic aorta Pulmonary aorta Right ventricle Left ventricle Right atria Left atria Venae cavae Pulmonary vein Dorsal aorta
54
What led to changes in heart structure and vascular arrangement during evolution?
During evolution the move from aquatic to land based living, and therefore air breathing, has led to changes in heart structure and vascular arrangement to accommodate this transition
55
With respect to reptilians (excluding crocodilians) are there any species where not having a completely separated double circulation is an obvious benefit? If so which and why?
Turtles and sea snakes and any other reptile species that spend a lot of time underwater can prioritise their body systems and not the lungs, while they can’t breathe underwater
56
Crocodilians have a specialised shunting vessel called the Foramen of Panizza. Where is this vessel located in the crocodilian circulation and what two advantages does it provide to these species?
Between the left and right aorta When crocodiles are underwater they can shunt the blood and bypass the lungs as they are not being used.
57
Amphibians have lungs and are predominantly air breathers, however, many are able to spend prolonged periods of time submerged in water without drowning (theoretically a frog could remain submerged indefinitely under ideal conditions). What is different about their anatomy that makes this possible?
They are able to skin-breathe (cutaneous respiration), and they have pulmocutaneous arteries which can do this. Oxygen can be absorbed through the skin and then move straight into the bloodstream.
58
What are the systems of navigation?
Path integration - Use of internally derived idiothetic cues Use of external landmarks
59
What do we know about navigation in rats?
Highly adaptable to the environment Skilled at climbing and digging Skilled at swimming, running through fields and tunnels
60
What is the experiment "Cognitive map" of space by Edward Tolman (1948)?
Challenges the behaviourists Experiment - train rat using one maze, test responses on second maze Results - rat can dead reckon - finds desired location without following the same series of turns
61
What do we know about maze experiments to test memory?
Radial arm maze - Olton and Samuelson 1976 Test spatial memory
62
What is the morris water maze?
Rat learns the location of a submerged platform Platform removed during experiments Rat finds direct route
63
What are some other maze variations?
Elevated platform maze Carol Barnes, 1998: Avoid open spaces - remember where escape box is located Elevated honeycomb
64
What are the parts of the tri-synaptic circuit in the hippocampus?
Perforant path (axons from entorhinal cortex) Mossy fibre (axons from dentate granule cells) Schaffer collateral (axons from CA3 pyramidal cells)
65
What happens in the lesions to the hippocampus experiment?
Lesion entorhinal cortex, fornix, fimbria and hippocampus Measure patterns of movement on a radial arm maze Preservation: Repetition of sequence of choices even when correct Specific deficits to spatial learning not cued learning
66
What manipulations were done in the lesions to the hippocampus experiment?
Sham (fake, surgery but no damage) Neocortical lesion Hippocampal lesion
67
What were the results of the hippocampus lesion water maze?
Normal - Start to finish, sort of direct Neocortical control lesion - More direct start to finish than normal Hippocampal lesion - Very roundabout route from start to finish
68
What are some conclusions we can make from the maze/behavioural experiments?
1. Spatial learning is affected more than cued learning 2. Timing of lesion (before or after learning) is significant 3. Differences in whether tasks rely on working or reference memory
69
What do we know about the black capped chickadee hippocampus?
Enlarged hippocampus in food-catching birds More neurogenesis, especially in Autumn
70
What does the hippocampus do?
It converts short-term memories into long-term memories by organising, storing and retrieving memories within your brain. Your hippocampus also helps you learn more about your environment (spatial memory), so you're aware of what's around you, as well as remembering what words to say (verbal memory).
71
What do we know about hippocampal variation in homing pigeons?
Have a larger hippocampus than non-homing relatives
72
What happens when homing pigeons have lesions to the hippocampal formation?
Loss of the ability to locate the loft when placed in a new location
73
What is the variation in hippocampal size in meadow voles?
Related to behaviour Males and females have different range size Males have a larger hippocampus and a 4-7 times larger range than females
74
What do we know about volume change in posterior right hippocampus?
Larger volume correlated with longer time as a taxi driver Related to spatial learning
75
What do we know about Henry Molaison, who had his hippocampus removed?
He suffered Heavy anterograde amnesia Mild retrograde amnesia Functional short-term memory - until attention diverted Severe impairments with spatial learning
76
How were hippocampal responses studied?
Place cells in CA1 and CA3 Selectively increase their firing rate when the rat moves into a particular region of the chamber Firing of place field Form a spatial map
77
What is a place cell?
CA1 pyramidal cell
78
What happens to CA1 neurons that predict direction?
Encode more than just space Specific firing in the stem when preparing for left (or right) turn Encoding relevant stimuli, ongoing behaviour and location
79
What do we know about head direction cells?
Found in post-subiculum Specifically active when the head is facing a certain direction
80
What do we know about the ensemble coding of place?
15% of the CA1 and CA3 cells are responsive at any given space 'Ensemble code' group of neurons fire together when the rat is in the same location in space
81
What is the ensemble coding experiment?
Record from 150 neurons before and after the rat undergoes spatial learning
82
What are the findings from the ensemble coding experiment?
Select group of neurons fires together after training Same group of neurons fires while the rat is asleep (consolidation)
83
What are grid cells?
Entorhinal cortex Fire in regular intervals as rat moves through open area Signals the distance they have travelled Provides most entorhinal spatial input to CA1 and CA3
84
What are the social place cells in bats?
Hippocampal CA1 neurons
85
What spatial cells do bats have?
3D spatial place cells
86
What do the hippocampal CA1 neurons in bats do?
Track the position of another bat Many are self place cells as well
87
What is path integration?
Path integration is a navigation strategy used by animals (including humans) to track their position relative to a starting point—like a home or nest—by continuously updating their location based on self-movement cues. Here’s how it works: As an animal moves, it keeps track of the distance and direction traveled (using cues from muscles, the inner ear, or visual flow). This information is integrated over time to estimate the straight-line path back to the starting point, even without external landmarks.
88
What are place cells (hippocampus)?
Place Cells (Hippocampus) Location: Hippocampus (especially CA1 and CA3 regions) Respond to: Specific locations in an environment (the animal’s “place”) Function: Fire only when the animal is in a particular spot, forming a cognitive map of the environment.
89
What are Grid Cells (Medial Entorhinal Cortex)?
Location: Medial Entorhinal Cortex (MEC) Respond to: Multiple locations that form a hexagonal grid pattern across an environment. Function: Provide a metric for space; help calculate distance and direction for path integration.

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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