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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System: The Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System: The Heart Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

is the medical specialty concerned with diagnosing and treating heart disease.

A

Cardiology

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2
Q

Though we may think of the heart as a single structure, it is actually ________ in one.

A

two pumps

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3
Q

The right side of the heart pumps blood through the

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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4
Q

Which carries blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs and oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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5
Q

returns the blood to the left side of the heart.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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6
Q

The left side of the heart then pumps blood through the

A

Systemic Circulation

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7
Q

Which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body.

A

Systemic Circulation

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8
Q

From those tissues, carbon dioxide and other waste products are carried back to the right side of the heart

A

Systemic Circulation

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9
Q

Functions of the heart:

A

Generating blood pressure
Routing blood
Ensuring one-way blood flow
Regulating blood supply

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10
Q

Contractions of the heart generate _____________, which is responsible for moving blood through the blood vessels.

A

Blood pressure

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11
Q

The heart separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations and ensures better ___________ of the blood flowing to the tissues.

A

Oxygenation

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12
Q

The _________ of the heart ensure a one-way flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels.

A

Valves

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13
Q

The rate and force of heart contractions change to meet the metabolic needs of the __________, which vary depending on such conditions as rest, exercise, and changes in body position.

A

Tissues

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14
Q

The ___________ is shaped like a blunt cone and is approximately
the size of a closed fist, with an average mass of 250 g in females
and 300 g in males.

A

Adult heart

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15
Q

It is larger in physically active adults than in other healthy adults.

A

Heart

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16
Q

The heart generally decreases in size after approximately age ___, especially in people who are not physically active.

A

65

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17
Q

The blunt, rounded point of the heart is the

A

Apex

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18
Q

the larger, flat part at the opposite end of the heart is the

A

Base

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19
Q

The heart is located in the ______________, a midline partition of the thoracic cavity that also contains the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, and associated structures.

A

Mediastinum

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20
Q

It is important for health professionals to know the location of the heart in the

A

Thoracic cavity

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21
Q

Positioning a stethoscope to hear the heart sounds and positioning __________ to record an electro-cardiogram from chest leads depend on this knowledge.

A

Electrodes

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22
Q

Effective _______________ also depends on a reasonable knowledge of the position of the heart.

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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23
Q

The heart lies __________ in the mediastinum, with its base
directed posteriorly and slightly superiorly and its apex directed
anteriorly and slightly inferiorly.

A

Obliquely

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24
Q

Apex

A

Anteriorly
Inferiorly

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25
Base
Posteriorly Superiorly
26
The _______ is also directed to the left, so that approximately two-thirds of the heart’s mass lies to the left of the midline of the sternum
Apex
27
The base of the heart is located deep to the sternum and extends to the _______ intercostal space.
Second
28
The apex is located deep to the _______ intercostal space, approximately 7–9 centimeters (cm) to the left of the sternum and medial to the midclavicular line, a perpendicular line that extends down from the middle of the clavicle.
Fifth
29
Is an emergency procedure that maintains blood flow in the body if a person's heart stops.
CPR
30
The person firmly presses down on the sternum at a rate of at least ____ compressions per minute
100
31
Applying pressure to the _________ compresses the chest wall, which also compresses the heart, causing it to pump blood.
Sternum
32
is an inflammation of the serous pericardium.
Pericarditis
33
The condition can cause extremely painful sensations that are referred to the back and chest and can be confused with a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Pericarditis
34
is a potentially fatal condition in which a large volume of fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity and compresses the heart from the outside.
Cardiac Tamponade
35
The heart is a powerful muscle, it relaxes passively. When it is compressed by fluid within the pericardial cavity, it cannot expand when the _____________ relaxes.
cardiac muscles
36
is a double-layered, closed sac that surrounds the heart.
Pericardium or pericardial sac
37
Pericardium consists of two layers:
Outer fibrous pericardium Inner serous pericardium
38
is a tough, fibrous connective tissue layer that prevents overdistension of the heart and anchors it within the mediastinum.
Fibrous pericardium
39
The fibrous pericardium is continuous with the connective tissue coverings of the great vessels
Superiorly
40
Fibrous pericardium is attached to the surface of the diaphragm
Inferiorly
41
is a layer of simple squamous epithelium.
Serous pericardium
42
The serous pericardium is further divided into two parts.
Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium
43
The part of the serous pericardium lining the fibrous pericardium is the
Parietal pericardium
44
the part covering the heart surface is the
Visceral pericardium or epicardium
45
The parietal and visceral portions of the serous pericardium are continuous with each other where the great vessels enter or leave the
Heart
46
The space between the visceral and parietal pericardia is the
Pericardial cavity
47
_______________ is filled with a thin layer of pericardial fluid
48
This fluid helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac.
Pericardial fluid
49
Tachycardia
Increase heart rate
50
to drain the excess fluid from the pericardium
Pericardiocentesis
51
The heart wall is composed of three layers of tissue:
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
52
is the superficial layer of the heart wall.
Epicardium or visceral pericardium
53
It is a thin serous membrane that constitutes the smooth, outer surface of the heart.
Epicardium or visceral pericardium
54
The serous pericardium is called the __________ when considered a part of the heart and the visceral pericardium when considered a part of the pericardium.
Epicardium
55
is the thick, middle layer of the heart.
Myocardium
56
It is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart’s ability to contract
Myocardium
57
is deep to the myocardium. It consists of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue.
Endocardium
57
forms the smooth, inner surface of the heart chambers, which allows blood to move easily through the heart.
Endocardium
58
also covers the surfaces of the heart valves.
Endocardium
59
Ridges formed by the ___________ can be seen on the internal surfaces of the heart chambers.
Myocardium
60
Heart chambers
Top: Right atrium Left atrium Bottom: Right ventricle Left ventricle
61
Heart valves
Aortic valves Mitral valve Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve
62
The interior surfaces of the of the atria are mainly ________
Flat
63
The interior of both auricles and a part of the right atrial wall contain muscular ridges called
Pectinate muscles
64
The major arteries supplying blood to the tissue of the heart lie within the ___________________ on the surface of the heart.
Coronary sulcus and interventricular sulci
65
The right and left ___________ exit the aorta just above the point where the aorta leaves the heart. These vessels lie within the coronary sulcus.
Coronary arteries
66
The right coronary artery is usually ________ in diameter than the left one,
Smaller
67
Right coronary artery does not carry as much ______ as the left coronary artery.
Blood
68
The left coronary artery has three major branches:
Anterior Interventricular artery Left marginal artery Circumflex artery
69
The first major branch of the left coronary artery is the
Anterior interventricular artery or the left anterior descending artery
70
It extends inferiorly in the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to most of the anterior part of the heart.
Anterior interventricular artery
71
The second major branch of the left coronary artery is the
Left marginal artery
72
supplies blood to the lateral wall of the left ventricle.
Left marginal artery
73
The third major branch of the left coronary artery is the
Circumflex artery
74
Circumflex artery extends around to the posterior side of the heart in the
Coronary sulcus
75
Branches of the circumflex artery supply blood to much of the posterior wall of the heart.
Circumflex artery
76
The pectinate muscles of the right atrium are separated from the larger, smooth portions of the atrial wall by a ridge called the
Crista terminalis
77
The interior walls of the ventricles contain larger, muscular ridges and columns called
Trabeculae carneae
78
The heart consists of four chambers:
Two atria Two ventricles
79
form the superior and posterior parts of the heart
Thin-walled atria
80
form the anterior and inferior parts of the heart
Thick-walled ventricles
81
are flaplike extensions of the atria that can be seen anteriorly between each atrium and ventricle
Auricles
82
The entire atrium used to be called the
Auricle
83
Blood enters the ________ of the heart through several large veins
Atria
84
carry blood from the body to the right atrium.
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava
85
carries blood from the walls of the heart to the right atrium.
Coronary sinus
86
carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Four pulmonary veins
87
Blood leaves the ventricles of the heart through two arteries:
Pulmonary trunk Aorta
88
carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Pulmonary trunk
89
carries blood from the left ventricle to the body.
Aorta
90
Because of their large size, the pulmonary trunk and aorta are often called the
Great arteries
91
consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the tissues of the heart wall.
Coronary circulation
92
The major vessels of the coronary circulation lie in several ____________ on the surface of the heart.
grooves or sulci
93
runs obliquely around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles
Coronary sulcus
94
Two more sulci extend inferiorly from the coronary sulcus, indicating the division between the right and left
Ventricles
95
is on the anterior surface of the heart, extending from the coronary sulcus toward the apex of the heart
Anterior interventricular sulcus
96
is on the posterior surface of the heart, extending from the coronary sulcus toward the apex of the heart
Posterior interventricular sulcus
97
In a healthy, intact heart, the sulci are covered by ___________, and only after this tissue is removed can they be seen.
Adipose tissue
98
lies within the coronary sulcus and extends from the aorta around to the posterior part of the. heart.
Right coronary artery
99
Two major branches of the right coronary artery:
Right marginal artery posterior interventricular artery
100
A larger branch of the right coronary artery, called the ________________, and other branches supply blood to the lateral wall of the right ventricle.
Marginal artery
101
A second branch of the right coronary artery, called the
Posterior interventricular artery
102
lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to the posterior and inferior part of the heart.
Posterior interventricular sulcus
103
Most of the ___________ receives blood from more than one arterial branch
Myocardium
104
In addition, the coronary circulation includes many ____________, or direct connections between arteries.
Anastamoses
105
The coronary circulation also includes ______ that carry the blood from the heart walls to the right atrium.
Veins
106
Two major veins draining the blood from the heart wall tissue.
Great cardiac vein Smal cardiac vein
107
Great cardiac vein drains blood from the _____ side of the heart.
Left
108
A small cardiac vein drains the ________ of the heart
Right margin
109
These veins converge toward the posterior part of the coronary sulcus and empty into a large venous cavity called the coronary sinus, which in turn empties into the right atrium.
Great cardiac vein Small cardiac vein
110
A number of smaller veins empty into the cardiac veins, into the coronary sinus, or directly into the
Right Atrium
111
Right atrium three major openings:
The openings from the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava receive blood from the body, and the opening of the coronary sinus receives blood from the heart itself
112
The left atrium has four relatively uniform openings from the ________________ that receive blood from the lungs.
Four pulmonary veins
113

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