Reproductive System Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
is an essential characteristic of living organisms, and functional male and female reproductive systems are necessary for
humans to reproduce.
A
Reproduction
2
Q
The reproductive system performs the following functions:
A
Production of gametes
Fertilization
Development and nourishment of a new individual
Production of reproductive hormones
3
Q
Specialized organs of the reproductive system produce gametes:
A
Sperm cells in males
Oocyte (egg) in females
4
Q
The reproductive system enables _______ of the oocyte by the sperm.
A
Fertilization
5
Q
The female reproductive system nurtures the developing fetus in the ______ until birth and provides nourishment (milk) after birth.
A
Uterus
6
Q
produced by the reproductive system control its development and the development of the gender-specific body form.
A
Hormones
7
Q
is a type of cell division specialized for sexual
reproduction.
A
Meiosis
8
Q
During meiosis, one cell undergoes two consecutive divisions to produce four genetically different
A
Daughter cells
9
Q
In humans, meiosis occurs only in the
____________ and produces sperm cells in males and oocytes in females.
A
Testes and ovaries
10
Q
In humans, the ___________ normally have 46 chromosomes, called the diploid number (2n).
A
Somatic cells
11
Q
Chromosomes exist in 23 homologous pairs—22 autosomal pairs and 1 pair of
A
Sex chromosomes
12
Q
The sex chromosome pair is composed of an X and a Y chromosome in males and two X chromosomes in females.
A
XX Males
XY Females
13
Q
One chromosome of each __________
is inherited from the male parent, and the other chromosome of each pair is inherited from the female parent.
A
Homologous pair
14
Q
The chromosomes of each homologous pair are alike in size and shape and contain
_____ for the same traits.
A
Genes
15
Q
Sperm cells and oocytes contain the _______ number (n) of chromosomes, which is half the diploid number, or 23.
A
Haploid
16
Q
Each ______ contains one chromosome from each of the homologous pairs.
A
Gamete
17
Q
Upon fertilization, the sex of the baby is determined by the
A
Sperm cell
18
Q
The two divisions of meiosis are called
A
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
19
Q
The stages of meiosis have the same names as the stages of mitosis
A
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
20
Q
Before meiosis begins, all the chromosomes are
A
Duplicated
21
Q
At the beginning of meiosis, each of the 46 chromosomes consists of _____________ connected by a centromere
A
Two sister chromatids
22
Q
In prophase I, the chromosomes become visible, and the homologous pairs come together in a process called
A
Synapsis
23
Q
Because each chromosome consists of two chromatids, the pairing of the homologous
chromosomes brings two chromatids of each chromosome close together, an arrangement called a
A
Tetrad
24
Q
The exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes is called
__________ and may result in new gene combinations on the chromosomes.
A
Crossing over
25
During _________, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up near the center of the cell.
Metaphase I
26
During _________, the homologous pairs are separated to each side of the cell
Anaphase I
27
During __________, new nuclei form, and the cell completes division of the cytoplasm to form two cells
Telophase I
28
Since the chromosome number is reduced
from a 2n number to an n number during meiosis I, this division is often called a
Reduction division
29
At the end of meiosis I, each of the 23 chromosomes in the daughter cells still consists of
Two chromatids
30
The separation of the chromatids of the duplicated chromosomes occurs in
Meiosis II
31
The second meiotic division is similar to
Mitosis
32
When the centromere separates, each of the chromatids is called a
Chromosome
33
Each of the four daughter cells produced by meiosis contains
23 chromosomes
34
The male reproductive system consists of the
Testes
A series of ducts
Accessory glands
Supporting structures
35
The ducts include the
Epididymides
Ducta Deferentia
Urethra
36
Accessory glands include the
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands
37
Supporting structures include the
Scrotum
Penis
38
in which the sperm cells develop, are located outside the body cavity in the scrotum.
Testes and epididymides
39
lead from the testes into the pelvis, where
they join the ducts of the seminal vesicles to form the ampullae.
Ducta Deferentia
40
Extensions of the ampullae, called the __________, pass into the prostate and empty into the urethra within the prostate.
Ejaculatory ducts
41
is a saclike structure that contains the testes.
Scrotum
42
Scrotum is divided into ____ internal compartments by an incomplete connective tissue septum.
Two
43
Externally, the compartments of the scrotum are marked by a midline irregular ridge called the
Raphe
44
The ______ extends posteriorly to the anus and
anteriorly onto the inferior surface of the penis.
Raphe
45
The wall of the scrotum includes the skin, a layer of superficial fascia consisting of loose connective tissue, and a layer of smooth
muscle called the
Dartos Muscle
46
In ____ temperatures, the dartos muscle contracts, causing the skin of the scrotum to
become firm and wrinkled and reducing its overall size.
Cold
47
which are extensions of abdominal skeletal muscles into the scrotum, contract and help pull the testes nearer the body.
Cremaster Muscles
48
These changes in size and position of the scrotum help keep the testes
Warm
49
The perineum is divided into two triangles by the
Superficial Transverse Muscles
Deep Transverse Perineal Muscles
49
is the area between the thighs that is bounded by the symphysis pubis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally.
Perineum
50
These muscles run transversely
between the two ischial tuberosities
Superficial Transverse Muscles
Deep Transverse Perineal Muscles
51
The two triangles are the
Urogenital Triangle
Anal Triangle
52
In males, the __________ triangle, or anterior triangle, contains the base of the penis and the scrotum
Urogenital
53
In males, the smaller ____ triangle, or posterior triangle, contains the anal opening
Anal
54
are small, oval-shaped organs, each about
4–5 cm long, within the scrotum
Testes
55
The testes function as both
Exocrine and Endocrine Glands
56
Major exocrine secretion is
Sperm Cells
57
Major endocrine secretion is the
Hormone Testosterone
58
The outer part of each testis is a thick, white capsule consisting mostly of fibrous connective tissue called the
Tunica Albuginea
59
Extensions of the tunica albuginea extend into the testis and form
Incomplete Septa
60
The septa divide each testis into about _____ cone-shaped lobules.
300-400
61
The lobules contain _____________,
in which sperm cells develop.
Seminiferous tubules
62
Loose connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules contains clusters of endocrine cells called
Interstitial Cells or Leydig cells
63
The interstitial cells secrete
Testosterone
64
The seminiferous tubules empty into a set of short, straight tubules called the
Tubuli Recti
65
These in turn empty into a tubular network called the
Rete Testis
66
The rete testis empties into 15–20 tubules
called ___________ that pass through the tunica
albuginea to exit the testis.
Efferent ductules
67
The efferent ductules have a ciliated
_______________________, which helps move sperm cells out of the testis.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
68
By approximately 8 weeks following fertilization, the testes have
developed as
Retroperitoneal organs
69
The testes are located high in the ____________ near the developing kidneys.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
70
Each testis is connected to a labioscrotal swelling by a ___________, a fibromuscular cord.
Gubernaculum
71
The labioscrotal swelling becomes the
Scrotum
72
The testes descend toward the area where the
_________ will form.
inguinal canals
73
The _________ extends through the inguinal canal, enlarging the canal.
Gubernaculum
74
Between ___________ of development, the testes move through the inguinal canals into the scrotum
7 and 9 months
75
As it moves into the scrotum, each testis is preceded by an out-pocketing of the peritoneum called the
Process vaginalis
76
The superior part of each process vaginalis usually degenerates, and the inferior part remains as a small, closed sac called the
Tunica Vaginalis
77
Tunica Vaginalis is a serous membrane consisting of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a
Basement membrane
78
The tunica vaginalis surrounds most of the ____ in much the same way that the pericardium surrounds the heart.
Testis
79
The testes have descended into the scrotum in approximately __________ delivered prior to 28 weeks of development.
79% of male infants
80
The inguinal canals are bilateral, oblique passageways in the
Anterior Abdominal Wall
81
Inguinal canals originate at the __________, which open through the aponeuroses of the transversus abdominis muscles.
Deep inguinal rings
82
The canals extend inferiorly and obliquely and end at the ____________, openings in the aponeuroses of the external abdominal oblique muscles.
Superficial inguinal rings
83
is the failure of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum.
Cryptorchidism
84
At ________ years of age, the interstitial cells increase in number and size, a lumen develops in each seminiferous tubule, and sperm cell production begins.
12-14
85
It takes approximately ____ for sperm cells to be produced.
74 days
86
For about 50 of those days, the sperm cells are in the
Seminiferous Tubules
87
is an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall in the inguinal region through which a
structure, such as a portion of the small intestine, can protrude.
Inguinal Hernia
88
Inguinal hernias can be of two types
Indirect
Direct
89
If the deep inguinal ring remains open, or if it is weak and enlarges later in life, a loop of intestine can protrude into or even pass through the inguinal canal, resulting in an
Indirect Inguinal Hernia
90
results from a tear, or rupture, in a weakened area of the anterior abdominal wall near the inguinal canal, but not through the inguinal canal.
Direct Inguinal Hernia
91
sperm cell development, occurs in the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
92
The seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells
Germ cells
Sustentacular Cells or Sertoli cells (also sometimes referred to as nurse cells)
93
are the ones that divide and differentiate during spermatogenesis to form sperm cells.
Germ cells
94
are large cells that extend from the periphery to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
Sustentacular cells
95
The sustentacular cells nourish the germ cells and probably produce, together with the
interstitial cells, a number of hormones, such as
Androgens
Estrogens
Inhibins
96
In addition, tight junctions between the sustentacular cells form a _____________ between germ cells and sperm cells.
Blood-testis barrier
97
isolates the sperm cells from the immune system
Blood-testis barrier
98
Interstitial cells secrete testosterone, which passes into the sustentacular cells and binds to
Intracellular Receptors
99
Testosterone in the sustentacular cells is converted to two other steroids: ________________, a specific type of estrogen
Dihydrotestosterone and estradiol
100
The sustentacular cells also secrete a protein
called _________ into the seminiferous tubules.
Androgen-binding protein
101
Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone bind to androgen-binding protein and are carried along with other secretions of the seminiferous tubules to the
Epididymis
102
Estradiol and dihydrotestosterone may be the _____________ that promote sperm cell
formation.
Active Hormones
103
are partially embedded in the sustentacular cells
Germ cells
104
The most peripheral cells, those adjacent to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules, are __________, which divide by mitosis
Spermatogonia
105
Other daughter cells differentiate to form
___________, which divide by meiosis
Primary spermatocytes
106
begins when the primary spermatocytes
divide.
Spermatogenesis
107
Each primary spermatocyte passes through the first meiotic division to become two
Secondary spermatocytes
108
Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes a second meiotic division to produce two even smaller cells called
Spermatids
109
Each spermatid contains one of each of the __________ of chromosomes.
Homologous pairs
110
Each sperm cell contains 22 __________ and either an X or a Y chromosome.
Autosomes
111
Each spermatid undergoes the last phase of spermatogenesis, called _____________, to form a mature sperm cell, or spermatozoon
Spermiogenesis
112
During spermiogenesis, each spermatid develops
a head, a midpiece, and a tail, or flagellum.
113
The nucleus of the sperm is located in the
Head
114
Just anterior to the nucleus is a vesicle called the __________, which contains enzymes necessary for the sperm cell to penetrate the female oocyte
Acrosome
115
The flagellum is similar to a _________, and microtubules within the flagellum move,
propelling the sperm cell forward.
Cilium
116
Sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules move through the
tubuli recti to the rete testis.
117
From the rete testis, they pass through the ___________, which leave the testis and enter the epididymis.
Efferent ductules
118
The sperm cells then leave the epididymis, passing through the ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra to the _________ of the body.
Exterior
119
The efferent ductules from each testis become extremely convoluted and form a comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testis called the
Epididymis
120
The head contains the ______________, which empty into the duct of the epididymis, a single convoluted tube located primarily within the body of the epididymis
Convoluted Efferent Ductules
121
Each epididymis consists of a
Head
Body
Tail
122
The duct of the epididymis has a pseudostratified columnar epithelium with elongated microvilli called
Stereocilia
123
The final maturation of the sperm cells occurs within the
Epididymis
124
It takes _____ days for sperm to travel through the epididymis and appear in the ejaculate.
12–16
125
The penis is composed of three erectile tissues:
Two corpora cavernosa
One corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra
126
During sexual arousal, the blood flow increases
to the __________, leading to an erection
Corpora cavernosa
127
prevents the urethra from being compressed
during erection, ensuring that sperm can be expelled during ejaculation.
Corpus Spongiosum
128
is a muscular tube that transports sperm
from the epididymis to the urethra for ejaculation.
Vas Deferens
129
sperm mixes with secretions from accessory glands, including the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands, to form
Semen
130
controls the process of ejaculation, which involves the contraction of smooth muscles in the reproductive ducts, leading to the expulsion of semen from the penis.
Sympathetic Nervous System
131
which is responsible for initiating an erection by dilating blood vessels in the penis.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
132
are the female gonads responsible for producing oocytes (eggs) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
Ovaries
133
The process of __________ begins in fetal life, but eggs do not complete their maturation until puberty.
Oogenesis
134
At puberty, the eggs undergo periodic
development during the
Menstrual Cycle
135
containing oocytes are present at birth, and some of these will mature into primary follicles.
Primordial follicles
136
During each menstrual cycle, a dominant follicle matures into a __________, and upon ovulation, an oocyte is released.
Graafian follicle
137
After ovulation, the oocyte is captured by the _________ at the end of the fallopian tube.
Fimbriae
138
The fallopian tube is lined with_____, which help
move the oocyte towards the uterus.
Cilia
139
This is where fertilization usually occurs if sperm are present.
Fallopian Tube
140
The uterus consists of three layers:
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
141
the innermost layer, undergoes cyclic changes in response to hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
Endometrium
142
Endometrium thickens during the ___________ to prepare for implantation of a fertilized egg.
Menstrual Cycle
143
If implantation does not occur, the
endometrium is ______ during menstruation.
Shed
144
is the muscular layer responsible for uterine contractions during menstruation and childbirth.
Myometrium
145
is the outer serous layer.
Perimetrium
146
in the endometrium supply blood to the thickened lining.
Spiral Arteries
147
If pregnancy does not occur, these spiral arteries _________, leading to the shedding of the endometrial lining.
Constrict
148
The menstrual cycle is divided into several phases:
Follicular phase
Ovulatory Phase
Luteal Phase
149
Follicular phase is characterized by the maturation of follicles in the ovaries, leading to an increase in _________ production.
Estrogen
150
is marked by the release of the oocyte (ovulation), triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).
Ovulatory Phase
151
The luteal phase occurs after ovulation, during
which the ruptured follicle transforms into the
corpus luteum, which secretes ____________ to
prepare the uterus for pregnancy.
Progesterone
152
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, and estrogen and progesterone levels drop, leading to the onset of
Menstruation
153
are responsible for milk production.
Mammary glands
154
Mammary glands consist of ___________ organized into lobes that contain alveoli,
where milk is produced.
Glandular tissue
155
stimulates milk production
Prolactin
156
is responsible for the milk ejection reflex.
Oxytocin
157
is the principal male sex hormone, produced
primarily by Leydig cells in the testes.
Testosterone
158
Testosterone plays a vital role in:
1. The development of male secondary sexual
characteristics, such as deeper voice, facial hair,
and muscle growth
2.Stimulating spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules.
3. Regulating libido and maintaining overall
reproductive health.
159
In females, estrogen is produced primarily by the ovaries and is involved in:
1. The development of female secondary sexual
characteristics, such as breast development and wider hips.
2. Regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the endometrium for implantation.
160
If pregnancy occurs, progesterone levels remain _______, but if fertilization does
not occur, levels drop, leading to menstruation.
Elevated
161
are released by the anterior pituitary gland
and play crucial roles in the menstrual cycle:
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
162
stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles
Follicle-stimulating hormone
163
triggers ovulation
Luteinizing hormone
164
In males, ________ supports spermatogenesis
Follicle-stimulating hormone
165
In males, ________ stimulates testosterone production from Leydig cells.
Luteinizing hormone
166
undergoes significant cyclic changes, responding to fluctuating estrogen and progesterone levels. These changes prepare the uterus for possible implantation and support early pregnancy if fertilization occurs.
Endometrium
167
are responsible for the bulk of the penile erection
Corpora cavernosa
168
The structure of the mammary glands includes ___________ where milk production occurs.
Lobes
Lobules
Alveoli
169
The alveoli are surrounded by __________ that contract to expel milk during lactation.
Smooth muscle cells
