CARDIOVASCULAR TERMS

Question 1

Class 1 Minimal/ heart failure stageA

Answer 1

• no limitations
• ordinary physical activity does not cause fatigue, dyspnea, palpiations or angina

pt is high risk for heart faliure, but no structural disorder
pt has condition associated with heart failure(diabetes, hypertension, substance abuse, hx of rheumatic fever)

no s/sx of heart failure

Question 2

Class 2 Mild/Stage B

Answer 2

• slightly limited physical activity
• comfortable at rest
• ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, paplations, or angina

pt has structural disorder of the heart (LV hypertrophy, vavlular heart disease, previous MI, but never developed symptoms of heart failure)

Question 3

Class 3 moderate/ Stage C

Answer 3

• markedly limited physical activity
• comfortable at rest
• less than ordinary activity can cause fatigue, palpations, dyspnea, or anginal pain

pt. has past or current symptoms of heart failure assoc. w/ structural disease. pt may display dyspnea or fatigue, but RESPONDS TO THERAPY

Question 4

class 4/ Stage D

Answer 4

pt unable to perform any physical actvity w/out discomfort
angina or symptoms of cadiac inefficency may develop at rest. activity increase discomfort

pt has end stage disease- mechanical circulatory support, continous inotropic infusions, heart transplant, hospice care.

Frequently hospitalized and cannot be dishcarged without symptom recurrence

Question 5

aneryusm

Answer 5

Localized dilation of the wall of the blood vessel. Usually caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension. It is less commonly caused by congenital weakness in vessel wall.

Question 6

Angina Pectoris

Answer 6

Paroxysmal pain and choking feeling caused by anoxia of the myocardium.

Question 7

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 7

Common arterial disorder characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of arterial walls, resulting in decreased blood supply.

Question 8

Atherosclerosis

Answer 8

Common arterial disorder characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids and cellular debris in the inner layer of walls of large and medium sized arteries.

Question 9

Bradycardia

Answer 9

Slow rhythm characterized by a pulse rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute.

Question 10

B-Type natriurectic peptide (BNP)

Answer 10

A neurohormone secreted by the heart in response to ventricular expansion.

Question 11

Cardioversion

Answer 11

Restoration of the hearts normal sinus rhythm by delivery of a synchronized electric shock through two metal paddles placed on the patient’s chest.

Question 12

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 12

Variety of conditions that obstruct blood flow in the coronary arteries.

Question 13

Defibrillation

Answer 13

The termination of a ventricular fibrillation by delivering a direct electrical countershock to the precordium

Question 14

Embolus

Answer 14

A foreign object, quantity of air or gas, biit of tissue or tumor, or a piece of thrombus that circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a vessel.

Question 15

Endartectomy

Answer 15

Surgical removal of the intimal lining of an artery.

Question 16

Heart failure (HF)

Answer 16

Syndrome characterized by circulatory congestion due to the hearst inability to act as an effective Pump; It should be viewed as a neurohormonal problem in which pathology progresses as a result of chronic release in the body of substances such as catecholamines (ephinephrine and nonepinephrine).

Question 17

Hypoxemia

Answer 17

An abnormal deficiency of Oxygen in the arterial blood.

Question 18

Intermittent claudication

Answer 18

A weakness of the legs accompanied by cramp like pains in the calves caused by poor arterial circulation of the blood to the leg muscles.

Question 19

Ischemia

Answer 19

Decreased blood supply to a body organ or part, often marked by pain and organ dysfunction.

Question 20

MI

Answer 20

An occlusion of a major coronary artery or one of its branches: it is caused by artherosclerosis or an embolus resulting in necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle.

Question 21

Occlusion

Answer 21

An obstruction or closing off of a canal, vessel or passage of the body.

Question 22

Orthopnea

Answer 22

An abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe deeply or comfortably.

Question 23

Peripheral

Answer 23

Pertaining to the outside surface or surrounding area of an organ, other structure or fluid of vision.

Question 24

Pleural effusion

Answer 24

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity between the visceral and parietal pleurae.

Question 25

Polycythemia

Answer 25

Abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood.

Question 26

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 26

Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissue and alveoli; caused most commonly by left-side heart failure.

Question 27

Tachycardia

Answer 27

Tachycardia An abnormal condition in which the myocardium contracts regularly but at a rate greater than 100 beats per minute.