Cardiovasculars System

Question 1

ACTIN

Answer 1

thin filament, component of a sarcomere or muscle unite

Question 2

ADH

Answer 2

antidiuretic hormone, released in the posterior pituitary, causes retention of water

Question 3

ALDOSTERONE

Answer 3

a hormone released from the adrenal cortex, which causes retention of sodium an water

Question 4

ANGIOTENSIN

Answer 4

a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction, stimulates aldosterone and ADH release; part of the renin-angiotensin system

Question 5

ARRHYTHMIA

Answer 5

a disruption in the cardiac rate or rhythm

Question 6

ARTERIES

Answer 6

vessels that take blood away from the heart; muscular, resistance vessels

Question 7

Baroreceptors, where are they located?

Answer 7

• also called pressure receptors
• specialized cells located in the arch of the aorta
• theses specialized cells are also located in the carotid arteries, which deliver blood directly to the brain

Question 8

Where do the sensory input from the baroreceptors go?

Answer 8

they are received in the medulla in an area called the cardiovascular center

Question 9

When blood pressure is high what do the baroreceptors?

Answer 9

-parasympathetic effects

medulla stimulates vasodilation and decrease the cardiac rate and output

Question 10

low blood pressure, what do the baroreceptors do?

Answer 10

sympathetic effects
medulla directly stimulates an increase in the cardiac rate and output
-vasoconstriction

Question 11

What is the function of Angiotensin 2

Answer 11

reacts with specific angiotensin receptors sites on blood vessels to cause intense vasoconstriction causing high resistance, high blood pressure, restoring blood flow to the kidneys and decrease release of renin

Question 12

what is the therapeutic actions of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

Answer 12

act in the lungs to prevent ACE from converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

Question 13

name the drugs affecting the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) to decrease blood pressure

Answer 13

ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin 2 receptors blockers (ARBs)
Renin Inhibitors
calcium channel blockers
Vasodilators

Question 14

name the hypertensive agents?

Answer 14

ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin 2 receptors blockers (ARBs)
Renin Inhibitors
calcium channel blockers
Vasodilators
Diuretic agents
sympathetic nervous system blockers

Question 15

what is the therapeutic effect of Diuretic Agents

Answer 15

increase the excretion of sodium and water from the kidney

Question 16

name a diuretic agents drug

Answer 16

thiazide diuretic
-increase urination
disturb electrolyte and acid- base balace

Question 17

What is the therapeutic effect of Vasodilators?

Answer 17

act on vascular smooth muscle to cause muscle relaxation, leading to vasodilation and drop in BP

Question 18

name the 3 drugs of Vasodilators

Answer 18

Nitropruside -IV
Hydralazine- oral, IV, IM use
Minoxidil - oral only

Question 19

state a few contraindication and caution with vasodilators

Answer 19

hypersensitivity
pregnancy
any condition that could be exacerbated by sudden BP drop such as CAD, heart failure, cerebral insufficiency

Question 20

What is the therapeutic effects of Calcium channel blockers?

Answer 20

they inhibit the movement of calcium ions across the membrane of the myocardial and arterial muscle cells, alternating the action potential and blocking muscle cell contaction

Question 21

why shouldn’t you take calcium channel blockers with grapefruit?

Answer 21

when calcium channel blockers interact with grapefruit, the concentration of calcium-channel blockers increase

Question 22

name the only renin inhibitor drug, and what it does?

Answer 22

Aliskiren
-directly inhibits renin, leading to decrease plasma renin, and inhibiting the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 2

Question 23

what are the adverse effects of Aliskiren

Answer 23

hyperkalemia because no release of aldosterone

• angioedema with respiratory involvement
  eg. difficulty in breathing, swelling in face, lips and tongue

Question 24

define depolarization in relation to conductivity

Answer 24

changes that occur in a cell membrane from negative to positive when calcium or sodium move into a cell stimulating an action potential. stimulating the heart to contract

Question 25

DEfine Repolarization in relation to conductivity

Answer 25

changes in the cell membrane back into a negative state after action potential occurs. This allows the heart to relax

Question 26

What are the components of the conduction system of the heart

Answer 26

``` SA node AV node Bundle of His Purkinjie fibers bundle branches atrial bundles ```

Question 27

What are the periods of the cardiac cycle

Answer 27

Distole -period of resting, blood is returned back to the heart by viens Systole -period of contraction, or systole, blood pumped out of the heart

Question 28

What are the adverse effects of ARBs

Answer 28

CNS: dizziness, headache, weakness GI: diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea Respiratory: respiratory tract infection,cough, dry skin,rash,dry mouth,tooth pain

Question 29

what are the contraindications and caution of ARBs

Answer 29

- hypersensitivity - hepatic renal dysfunction (could alter the metabolism and excretion of these drugs) - hypovolemia - Pregnancy - women of childbearing age

Question 30

What is the therapeutic effect of ARBs? - where it is absorbed? - how it is given?

Answer 30

-block the angiotensin receptor site on the blood vessel -binds with angiotensin II receptors in vascular smooth muscle and adrenal cortex to block vasoconstriction and release aldosterone (blocks BP raising effect of RAAS and lowers BP -it is given orally -absorbed and undergo metabolism in the liver -excreted in feces and urine -crosses placenta

Question 31

name vasodilators drugs

Answer 31

hydralazine, minoxidil, nitroprusside

Question 32

what are the contraindications and cautions of Calcium-channel blockers

Answer 32

- hypersensitivity - heart block and sick sinus syndrome - renal and hepatic dysfunction bc it could alter the metabolism and excretion of these drugs - pregnancy bc it enters breast milk and crosses placenta

Question 33

name the ACE inhibitor drugs

Answer 33

benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril

Question 34

How are ACE inhibitor administered | which drug is for parenteral use

Answer 34

- orally | - enalapril

Question 35

what are contraindications and caution for ACE inhibitors

Answer 35

- hypersensitivity - impaired renal function bc these drugs decrease renal blood flow - heart failure bc of hemodynamic changes - salt/volume depletion, could be exacerbated by the drug effects - women of childbearing age, encouraged to use barrier contraceptives to avoid pregnancy while taking the drug

Question 36

what are the therapeutic effects of diuretic agents

Answer 36

increase the secretion of sodium and water from the kidney | -it is the first agent used to decrease hypertension; they effect sodium and water levels