Carditis Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
what is the most common cause of viral myocarditis
A
cocksackie B
2
Q
viral myocarditis can lead go what three ways
A
- acute myocardial failure
- progression to dilated cardiomyopathy
- resolution
3
Q
clinical presentation
- S3, S4
- mitral or tricuspid valve regurg
- edema-hepative and peripheral
- congestion-rales
- low CO
A
myocarditis
4
Q
what lab values are typically increased in myocarditis
A
- BNP
- troponin: may be increased
5
Q
what will echo typically show in myocarditis
A
- LV dilation
- wall motion abnormalities
- decreased systolic function
6
Q
What presentations should you consider myocarditis
A
- unexplained cardiac abnormality such as CHF, shock, or arrhythmia
- 20-50 yo typically
- h/o viral illness
- acute LV dysfunction
- percarditis with biomarker elevation
- acute MI w/o h/o CAD and (-) angiogram
7
Q
standard treatment of acute myocarditis
A
- IVIG, steroids, plamapharesis
- supportive care
- oxygen
- inotropes
- diuretics
- afterload reduction
- anticoagulation
8
Q
hat labs/tests would you order in workup for myocarditis
A
- CXR
- EKG
- BNP, toponin
- ECHO
- MRI
- possible biopsy
9
Q
what are the three categories of infective endocarditis
A
- native valve endocarditis
- prosthetic valve endocarditis
- endocarditis in IV drug users
10
Q
what organisms cause native valve endocarditis? what valves are commonly affected
A
- streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci
- normal mouth organisms
- mitral and aortic valves
11
Q
what organisms cause prosthetic valve endocarditis
A
- 10-20% of endocarditis
- staph species most common
12
Q
what organisms cause IV drug abusers endocarditis? What valves are commonly affected
A
- staph aureus
- Right side valves (tricuspid and pulmonic)
13
Q
acute bacterial endocarditis is usually caused from which bacteria
A
- staph aureus
- rapidly destructive
- if untreated, fatal in < 6 weeks
14
Q
subacute bacterial endocarditis is usually caused from which bacteria
A
- viridans strep (nl mouth flora)
15
Q
clinical presentation
- previous normal valve
- large bulky vegetation
- IV drug user -> RF
- rapid onset of fever or sepsis
- splenomegaly and embolic events
A
acute bacterial endocarditis
16
Q
clinical presentation
- previous abnormal valve
- small vegetation
- slow onset of symptoms
A
subacute bacterial endocarditis
17
Q
60-80% of people who get infective endocarditis have what
A
- identifiable predisposing cardiac lesion
- rheumatic valve lesion (25%)
- congenital heart disease (10-20%)
- mitral prolapse (10-33%)
18
Q
>50% of cases with infective endocarditis are people in what age group
A
> 60 yo
19
Q
what are some skin signs associated with infective endocarditis
A
- petechiae
- Osler’s nodes
- Janeway lesions
- splinter hemorrhages (pictured)
20
Q
ocular signs of endocarditis
A
- Roth spot (specific)
- scleral hemorrhage
21
Q
what should your history be geared toward if you suspect infective endocarditis
A
- prior cardiac lesions
- recent source of bacteremia
22
Q
what can be found on a echocardiogram that is diagnostic for infective endocarditis
A
- vegetation
- if echo negative, do transesophageal echo
23
Q
treatment of IE
A
- bactericidal Abx
- duration: elimiate microorganisms growing within valvular vegetations
- 4-6 weeks of high dose
- often use indwelling central catheter
24
Q
indications for surgery in IE
A
- staph infection -> more aggressive
- IE +
- CHF
- persistent or uncontrolled infection (Sepsis)
- recurrent emboli
- vegetation > 1-2 cm in size
25
antibiotic prophylaxis recommended in dental procedures or procedures involving respiratory tract or infected skin, tissues just under the skin, or musculoskeletal tissue
* prosthetic cardiac valve
* previous endocarditis
* cardiac transplant recipients
* congenital heart disease
* wait 6 months if repaired
26
what is given for antibiotic prophylaxis in dental, oral, respiratory, or esophageal procedures (adults)
* amoxicillin 2g p.o. 1 hr before procedure
* allergy?
* azithromycin, cephalexin, or clindamycin
27
differentiate between fibrous and serous pericardium
* fibrous pericardium
* fibrous sac
* holds heart in position, seperates it from surroundind structures
* serous pericardium
* parietal layer : lines fibrous pericardium
* visceral layer: line epicardium
28
differentiate between acute, subacute, and chronic pericarditis?
1. acute: \< 6 weeks duration
* most common
2. subacute: 6 wks-6 mon
3. chronic: \> 6 mon
\*\*may be characterized as serous, fibrinous (pictured), adhesive or constrictive
29
clinical presentation
* severe, pleuritic, shap chest pain aggravated by breathing, coughing, position change
* **pain is relieved by sitting up and leaning forward**
* **pain is intensified by lying supine**
acute pericarditis
30
what is the most characteristic physical exam finding in acute pericarditis
pericardial friction rub
* high/medium pitch, scratching grating
* loudest during inspiration
31
what EKG findings are consistent with acute pericarditis
**widespread elevation of ST segments**
* usually with reciprocal deprssion in aVR and V1
32
treatment of acute percarditis with viral or idiopathic etiology
* anti-inflammatory meds
* Aspirin 600-900 mg QID
* other NSAID, eg Indomethacin
* may need steroids
* \*\*Avoid anticoagulants
33
What is constrictive pericarditis
* result of scarring and consequent loss of normal elasticity of pericardial sac
* pericardium becomes inelastic -\> inability to adapt to volume changes
* results in **ventricular interdependence**
34
what is the big difference between constrictive pericarditis to restrictive cardiomegaly
* constrictive pericarditis: cardiac filling is impaired by extrinsic or external force
* restrictive CM: cardiac filling is impaired by intrinsic force
35
what happens to blood flow in heart during inspiration in normal pericardium
* during inspiration -\> decreased intrathoracic pressure -\> inc. venous return to right heart -\> increased rt heart size -\> increased pericardial size; left heart filling is not impaired
36
what happens to blood flow in heart during inspiration in constrictive pericardium
* normal inspiratory decrease in intrathoracic pressure is not transmited to heart chamber -\> pericardium does not expand to accommodate increase in Rt heart size from venous return
* reduction in LV fillings, septum shifts into LV and further impairs LV filling
* stroke volume and CO are impaired
37
common causes of constrictive pericarditis
1. idiopathic or viral 40-50%
2. post-surgery
3. post-radiation (hodgkin's, breast CA)
38
What are the common signs/symptoms associated with constrictive pericarditis
1. fluid overload: peripheral edema to anasarca
2. diminished cardiac output in response to exertion/exercise
1. fatigue
2. DOE
39
physical exam
* increased JVP (JVD)
* pericardial knock
* pulsus paradoxius
* kussmaul's sign - increased JVP with inspiration
constrictive pericarditis
40
CXR findings consistent with constrictive pericarditis
calcifications
41
treatment of constrictive pericarditis
pericardiectomy
42
what is pericardial effusion? what appearance will be on CXR and EKG?
* build-up of fluid within pericardial space
* CXR: **"water bottle" appearance**
* EKG: low voltage of QRS (QRS \< 0.5 mV)
* friction rub may disappear and heart sounds may become faint
43
what is the diagnostic test of choice for pericardial effusion
echocardiogram
44
acute pericarditis can cause what kind of pericardial effusion
* viral - serous
* bacteria - purulent
45
renal failure with uremia can cause what kind of pericardial effusion
serous usually
46
What analysis is done on fluid extracted from pericardial effusion
* gram stain, bacterial and fungal culture
* cytology
* ARB stain and mycobacterial culture and PCR
47
treatment of pericardial effusion
1. if no evidence of hemodynamic compromise -\> no immediate intervention
2. severe -\> percardial fluid drainage
3. in reality, since may be related to pericarditis, treat with NSAIDS or steroids and judicious diuresis
48
what is pericardial tamponade
* when pericardial fluid accumulates in an amount sufficient to cause serious obstruction to inflow of blood into the ventricles
49
what are the three most common causes of pericardial tamponade
* neoplasia
* idiopathic pericarditis
* uremia - renal failure
50
what is electrical alternans? It supports what diagnosis
* alternating size of QRS complexes
* a finding in effusion with tamponade
51
What is Beck's Triad and what condition does it describe
1. distended neck veins (elevated JVD)
2. distant heart sounds (muffled)
3. hypotension
\*\*pericardial tamponade
52
what is paradoxical pulse
* **\> 10mmHg** reduction in systolic BP during inspiration
* may be detected as reduced pulse during inspiration
* LV output is temporarily reduced during inspiration since both ventricles are w/in confines of the reduced pericardial space
53
treatment of cardiac tamponade
* oxygen, IV fluids, T+C, CXR/ECHO (do not send to radiology)
* DO NOT give pain medications, sedate, or intubate
* ECHO guided pericardiocentesis, only sedate once fluids hooked up and ready to decompress
