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1
Q

Movement at Sagittal

A

Flexion extensjon Doris flexion plantar flexion

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2
Q

Movement at frontal

A

Addiction abduction

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3
Q

Movement at transverse plane

A

Horizontal extension + flexion

Rotation

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4
Q

3 types of joint

A

Hinge condyloid( wrist) ball and socket

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5
Q

Shoulder articulating bones + joint type

A

Humerus and scapula

Ball and socket

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6
Q

Agonist muscles for flexion extension adduction abduction horizontal flexion and horizontal extension

A

F - anterior deltoid E- posterior deltoid

AD- latimuss Dorsi abd- mid deltoid

HF- pectoralis major HE- posterior deltoid

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7
Q

Elbow articulating bones

A

Humerus radius ulna

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8
Q

Wrist articulating bones joint type clexion and extension

A

Radius ulna carpals

Condyloid joint

Flexion - wrist flexors

E- wrist extensors

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9
Q

Hip joint type articulating bones, flexion and extension ab and adduction and medial and lateral

A

Pelvic girdle and femur

Ball and socket

Illiopsoas - F

Gluteus maximus - E

Adduction - adductor longus abducfion - gluteus medius

Medial - gluteus medius lateral - gluteus maximus

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10
Q

Knee articulating bones and agonist muscle

A

Femur and tibia

F- bicep femoris
E- rectus femoris

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11
Q

Ankle articulating bones + Doris and plantar flexion

A

Tibia fibula talus

DF- tibialis anterior
PF- soleus

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12
Q

What’s a motor unit

A

Motor neurone + muscle fibre

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13
Q

What does SO HAVE

A

High - capillary, mitochondria, myoglobin

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14
Q

What does FOG have

A

High PC, large neurones, Many fibres per neurone

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15
Q

WHAT DOES FG HAVE

A

High pc large neurone

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16
Q

Why is SV ABLE TO INCREASE

A

Due to increase venous return

And the frank starling mechanism

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17
Q

What’s SV LIKE IN RECOVERY

A

Maintained during early stages of recovery, as HR rapidly reduces

This will maintain blood flow and removal of waste products

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18
Q

What’s CO like in recovery

A

Rapid decrease followed by a slower decrease In resting levels

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19
Q

What is the CCC CONTRLLED BY

A

Autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

What do proprio Baro and chemo receptors all do

A

Proprio- detects movement
Baro- detects change in blood pressure

Chemo- detects change in ph

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21
Q

What two intrinsic control things are there

A

Temp- affect blood viscosity and speed of nerve transmission

Venous return - will effect stretch in venjtridke walls and force of contraction and SV

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22
Q

Venous return mechanisms

A 
Muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Smooth muscle 
Pocket valves
Gravity
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23
Q

What happens to vascular shunt mechanism in rest

A

Arterioles organs vasodilate - increase blood flow

Arterioles to muscles constrict

Pre capillary sphincters - vasodilate allow more blood to organ cells

Vasoconstrict Of capillary beds of muscle

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24
Q

Vascular shunt mechanism in exercise

A

Arterioles to organs vasoconstrict - decrease blood flow

Arterioles to muscles dilate

Pre capillary sphincters - vasoconstrict allow less blood to organ cells

Vasodilate Of capillary beds of muscle

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25
VCC WHERE IS IT? What does it respond to
Medulla oblongata Chemoreceptors- chemical changes such as co2 and lactic acid Baroreceptors - pressure changes onnarterial walls
26
What’s external and internal respiration
External - lungs -> blood | Internal - blood -> muscle tissue
27
How is o2 transported
97% hemo | 3% blood plasma
28
How is co2 transported
70 - water 7- blood plasma 23 - hemo
29
What two centres are in RCC
Inspiratory centre - stimulate muscles to contractcdurimf rest and exercise Expiartiry centre - inactive at rest - simfulate muscle contraction in exercise
30
Describe gaseous exchange at rest in external respiration
O2 high pp in alveoli -> low pp in blood Co2 high pp in blood -> low pp in alveoli
31
Describe gaseous exchange at rest in internal respiration
O2 high pp in blood -> low pp muscle cell Co2 high pp muscle cell -> low pp blood
32
What are effects of Bohr shift
Increase in blood and muscle temp Increase pp of co2 Increase production of lactic acid
33
Process of ATP PC
Pc-> p+c By creatine kinase Adp+p-> atp
34
POS and neg of atp pc
``` + no delay for o2 + pc readily available + simple breakdown * provides energy wuickly + no fatiguing by products ``` - low atp yield - small pc Stores lead to rapid fatigue
35
Describe glycolyticsystem
Glycogen -> glucose by gpp. Glucose -> pyruvic acid by PFK Pyruvic acid -> lactic acid by ldh 2 moles of atp
36
POS and neg oh glyolytic
+ no delay for o2 Large fuel stores Provides energy for up to 3 mins Lactic acid can be recycled for further energy production - fatiguing by product Low atp yield
37
POS and neg of aerobic system
+ 38 moles of atp high yield Large fuel stores No fatiguing by products - delay for o2 Slow energy production
38
What is the energy continuum
Relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production depending on intensity and duration of activity
39
How fast is pc repelndished
50% in 30 secs 100% in 3 mins
40
What factors can effect energy continuum
Position of player Tactics and strats used Level of comp Structure of game
41
How long is fast alactacid component. What happens
Up to 3 mins Pc restored Replenishment of blood and muscle oxygen
42
Slow lactacid component
3 mins -24 hours Elevated ventilation and circulation Elevated body temp Removal of lactic acid
43
What are the implications of recovery on traninng
Warm up - reduce oxygen deficit Active recovery - maintains hr and repirsrjory rate - remove lactic acid Cooling aids Intensity of training Work relief ratios Strats and tatifs Nurtrition
44
What happens when exercise at high altitude
Poor rate of o2 diffusion So Blood volume decrease Sv decreases, so hr increase Q, Sv, hr, all increase in max intense exercise
45
How long does it take to accimatise
3-5 - low 1-2 weeks - mid 2+ weeks - high 4+ weeks - extreme
46
How does acclimitasion benefit cv and respiratory system
Increase rbc production Breathingbrate and ventilation stabilise Sv and co reduce as o2 extraction more efficient Less sickness
47
What is hyperthermia caused by
High and prolonged exercise intensities High air temps High relative humidity
48
Effects of of heat on cv system
Dilation Of arterioles - increase blood flow and blood pooling in. Limbs Decrease blood volume, Veous return, Sv, co, and bp- so hr increase
49
Effects of heat on R system
Dehydration- difficult to breath Increased breathing frequency - More pollutants in air - more irritation in airwave
50
State a pre post and during comp strategy to maximise performance in heat
Pre - cooling aids During - suitable clothing After - rehydrate, cooling aids
51
How much stuff in diet
Carbs -55 Protein - 15 Fat - 30
52
Anabolic steroids job- pos and neg
+ increase muscle mass and strength + increase intensity and duration of training - acne - mood swings
53
Epo pos and neg
+Increase rbc count + increase o2 transport - blood clots - increase blood Viscosity
54
HGH - pos and neg
+Increase muscle mass and strength + increase intensity and duration of performance - abnormal bone development - enlargement of vital organs
55
Blood doping - pos and neg
+Increase rbc count + increase o2 transport - blood clots - increase blood Viscosity
56
IHT pos and neg
Increase rbc Increased intensity and duration of performance - dehydrated - decrease immune function
57
Cooling aids pos and neg
Reduce core body temp Decreased injury pain and swelling - ice burns - chest pain
58
Carb loading
Increase endurance capacity Delays fatigue - increase risk of injury - lethargic
59
Pre event meal.
Tops up liver Maintains blood glucose levels - may become dizzy
60
Post even meal
Promoters faster recovery rate of glycogen - not always practical
61
Creatine
Increase pc stores Increase intensity and duration of training - increase weight gain Increase water retention
62
Caffeine
Increased nervous stimulation Increase concentration - insomnia - gastrointestinal problems
63
Biocarbonate
Increased buffering capacity Increased intensity and duration of performance - unpleasant taste Gastrointestinal problems
64
Nitrates
Decreased bp Increased blood flow Delays fatigue - headaches - long term effects unclear
65
Training programme should have :
Evaluation test Warm up Cool down
66
Principles of training
``` Specificity Progression Overload Variance Moderation Reversibility ```
67
What are the sums of training programmes
Reach pychological peak at correct time Avoiding injury Structure training to give achievable goals
68
Factors affecting vo2 max
Physiological makeup Age Gender Training
69
Evaluation for aerobic capacity
Direct gas analysis | Cooper run
70
Aerobic capacity adaptations for R and CV system
R: Respiratory muscles become stronger- increase o2 in blood Increased surface area of alveoli - increased gaseous exchange Delayed OBLA Reduced onset of fatigue Cv: cardiac hypertropgy Increase number of rbc Increased blood plasma volume Increase so muscle fibre Decrease bp Increased blood flow and o2 to muscles
71
Aerobic capacity musculoskeletal adaptations
``` So muscle fibre hypertrophy Increased size and density of mitochondria Increased myoglobin stores Decrease risk of osteoporosis Increased joint stability ```
72
Factors affecting strength
Cross sectional area of muscle Fibre type Gender Age
73
Evaluation for strength
One rep max - max strength Grip strength dynamometer Abdominal curl test Vertical jump test
74
Adaptations for strength
Muscle hypertrophy Muscle hyperplasia Increase strength of tendons and ligaments Increased bone density - increase muscle mass Size and strength Intensity
75
Factors affecting flexibility
Type of joint Length and elasticity of surrounding connective tissue Gender Age
76
Evaluation for flexibility
Goniometry Sit and reach test
77
Flexibilityadaptarions
Increased rom about w joint Decreae risk of injury Increase elasticity Increase posture
78
Effects of training
Increase respiratory muscle strength Decrease resting and sub maximal HR increase air flow Increased sa of alveoli
79
Signs of dislocation and fracture
Swelling Discolouration Deformity
80
What are warm ups used for
Raise body temp Prepare body physiologically Prepare body pychlogicslly Minimise risk of injury
81
What are cool downs for
Maintain HR Aiding removal of lactic acid Aid healing process
82
Vertical forces
Weight | Reaction
83
Horizontal forces
Friction Air resistance
84
What can a force do
Create motion Accelerate a body Decelerate a body Change directiknof w body Change shape of W body
85
Factors affecting friction
Roughness of ground surface Roughness of contact surface Temp Size of normal reaction
86
Factors affecting air resistance
Velocity Shape Frontal cross sectional area Smoothness Of surface
87
Factors affecting stability
Mass of body Height of COM SIZE OF BASE SUPPORT LINE OF GRAVITY
88
What is a fulcrum effort load
F- joint E- muscular force L- Weight
89
What are axis of rotation
Longitudinal - top to bottom Transverse - side to side Frontal - front to back
90
Factors affecting MOI
mass - greater mass greater moi Distribution of mass from axis of rotation - further mass moves from axis of rotation, the greater MOI
91
What effect does moi have on angular velocity
If moi is high, resistance to rotation is high, therefore angular velocity is low and rate of spin is low If moi is low, resistance to rotation is low, therefore angular velocity is high and rate of spin is fast
92
Factors affecting distance travelled by a projectile
Speed, angle and height or release
93
Describe Bernoulli principle
Creation of lift force As velocity increase pressure decreases, creating a pressure gradient so either lifts up or pushes down
94
Bernoulli principle of f1 car
Spoilers are inverted aerofoil Air velocity underneath car is increased Pressure gradient formed, downward force So get grip and friction
95
Why is spin useful
Gives stability in flight Shorten or length flight Can confuse

PE-Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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